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By H. DeWitt Smith

THE disastrous effect of two major wars on foreign economic health is giving American capital opportunities which might have not otherwise developed. At a time when discovery of major orebodies in the United States awaits fuller application of new geophysical tools and technical methods, U. S. investors must seek other fields where investment may be put to work. The unsettling effects of war have made it almost impossible for foreign nationals to develop mineral wealth, permitting Americans to enter at a time when U. S. mining, with a few exceptions, is in the process of expanding known orebodies and developing only a few new ones. Available capital, however, is not the only pre- requisite for entering the foreign mineral development field. The capital must be able to work in favorable economic atmosphere, a condition not easily satisfied in a world constantly in a state of political and social flux. In many countries, the political theory changes as often as the wind direction in March. Thus, the political stability of the form of government is of prime importance to the investor. In addition, a balanced budget and a moderate tax structure are important. Because in making foreign investment it is inevitable that one will have dealings with government officials, it is basic that they must be of high integrity. In countries filling the requirements, it will usually be found that the economic initiative of the individual is respected. Newmont Mining Corp.'s three major investments in the last 15 years have been in Canada and the

Jan 1, 1952

TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND MEMBERS Of THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS GENTLEMEN Submitted herewith are the reports of the Treasurer for the year 1947 and the reports of the following standing committees Membership, Admissions, Papers and Publications, MINING AND METALLURGY (Magazine), and Library 75th Anniversary Celebration The founding of the Institute at Wilkes-Barre, Pa, in 1871, vas appropriately commemorated by a three-day Celebration, March 17, 18 and 19, 1947, at The Waldorf-Astoria, in New York City The Celebration had been scheduled for the preceding September but had been postponed, perforce, because of conflict with meetings of the Assembly of the United Nations The Celebration immediately preceded the Annual Meeting which was deferred from the usual February dates The proceedings took the form of a "World Conference on Mineral Resources " More than three thousand people, including eight hundred ladies, participated in the proceedings in one way or another Twenty-eight foreign countries were represented, some of them by five or six individual delegates Likewise, official representatives were designated by fifty institutions of higher learning in the United States A special 820-page Anniversary Volume entitled "Seventy-five Years. of Progress in the Mineral Industry,".(which

Jan 1, 1952

By Walter Miller

Any review of the engineering progress made in 1932 in the petroleum refining industry must necessarily be broad and general, improvements having been made in practically all major branches of this activity. Several factors contributed to an advancement on a wide front, much of it coming from those active in refining, considerable from those not, immediately in it but engaged in designing and installing equipment and maintaining large and capable staffs of experts in both engineering and development work. Another factor has been the ability of the refiner, because of less than capacity operation, to carry on experimental and development work in regular plant equipment. The movement to higher antiknock value gasoline has continued through 1932, and the average improvement of the more widely sold branded gasolines is from 3 to 4 points higher in the octane scale. A very great improvement was brought about during the year in the method of determining the octane number of gasoline. While the procedure and equipment for determining this value as developed by the Cooperative Fuel &search Steering Committee prior to 1932 had received fairly general acceptance, evidence that it did not always evaluate in a measure consistent with road performance quickly accumulated, and led to further effort to synchronize laboratory results with actual use. As the result of some really brilliant work on the part of the C.F.R. Committee and a large number of collaborators, it was found that a comparatively minor modification of the previously developed equipment and method gave surprisingly concordant results between laboratory tests and trial per-formance on the road. This method has been officially accepted by the Society of Automotive Engineers and the American Petroleum Institute, and will according to present plans go into general use on April 1, 1933. The American Society for Testing Materials has studied the method but at the time of writing this had not reached a final decision regarding it. Improved Volatility of Gasoline The most notable trend during the year, in addition to a very considerable increase in antiknock value referred to above, has been in the

Jan 1, 1933

By W. R. Hibbard

THE classical work on the electrical conductivity of alloys was carried out by Matthiessen and his coworkers1 in the early 1860's. He attempted to correlate the electrical conductivity of alloys with their constitution diagrams, but the information regarding the latter was too meager for success. Guertler2 reworked Matthiessen's and other conductivity data in 1906 on the basis of volume composition (an application of Le Chatelier's principle with implications as to temperature and pressure effects), and obtained the following relationships between specific conductivity and phase diagrams (plotted as volume compositions) : 1—For two-phase regions, electrical conductivity can be considered as a linear function of volume composition, following the law of mixtures. 2—For solid solutions, except intermetallic compounds, the electrical conductivity is lowered by solute additions first very extensively and later more gradually, such that a minimum occurs in systems with complete solid solubility. This minimum forms from a catenary type of curve. Intermetallic compound formation with variable compound composition results in a maximum conductivity at the stoi-chiometric composition. Landauer" has recently considered the resistivity of binary metallic two-phase mixtures on the basis of randomly distributed spherical-shaped regions of two phases having different conductivities. His derivation predicts deviations from the law of mixtures which fit measurements on alloys of 6 systems out of 13 considered. Volency (Ionic Charge) Perhaps the first comprehensive discussion of the electrical resistivity of dilute solid-solution alloys was presented by Norbury' in 1921. He collected sufficient data to show that the change in resistance caused by 1 atomic pct binary solute additions is periodic* in character. The difference between the period and/or the group of the solvent and solute elements could be correlated with the increase in resistance. Linde5-7 determined the electrical resistivity (p) of solid solutions containing up to about 4 atomic pct of various solutes in copper, silver, and gold at several temperatures. He reported that the extrapolated"" increase in resistance per atomic percent addition is a function of the square of the difference in group number of the solute and solvent as follows: ?p= a + K(N-Ng)2 where a and K are empirical constants and N and Ng are group numbers of the constituents. This empirical relation was subsequently rationalized theoretically by Mott,8 who showed that the scattering of conduction electrons is proportional to the square of the scattering charge at lattice sites. Thus, the change in resistance of dilute alloys is propor-t,ional to the square of the difference between the ionic charge (or valence) of the solvent and solute when other factors are neglected. Mott's difficulty in evaluating the volume of the lattice near each atom site where the valency electrons tend to segre-gate: limited his calculations to proportionality relations. Recently, Robinson and Dorn" reconfirmed this relationship for dilute aluminum solid-solution alloys at 20°C, using an effective charge of 2.5 for aluminum. In terms of valence, Linde's equation becomes ?P= {K2 + K1 (Z8 -Za)2} A where K1 and K2 are coefficients, A is atomic percent solute, Z, is valence of solvent, and Zß, is valence of solute. Plots of these data for copper, silver, gold, and aluminum alloys are shown in Fig. 1. The values of K1 and K2 are constant for a given chemical period (P), but vary from period to period. The value of K, increases irregularly with increasing difference between the period of the solvent and solute element (AP), being zero when AP is zero. The value of K, appears to have no obvious periodic relationship. All factors other than valence that affect resistivity are gathered in these coefficients. Because of the nature of the coefficients, Eq. 1 is of limited use in estimating the effects of solute additions on resistivity unless a large amount of experimental data are already available on the systems involved. It is the purpose of the first part of this report to investigate the factors that may be included in the coefficients of Linde's equation. On this basis, it is hoped that the relative effects of solute additions on resistivity can be better estimated from basic data, leading to a more convenient alloy design procedure. It is well 10,11 that phenomena that decrease the perfection of the periodic field in an atomic lattice, such as the introduction of a solute atom or strain due to deformation, will also increase the electrical resistivity. Thus, in an effort to relate changes in electrical resistivity to alloy composition, it appears appropriate to consider the atomic characteristics related to solution and strain hardening

Jan 1, 1955

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

In their action upon the senses a few minerals possess taste, and others under some circumstances give off odor. 444. Taste belongs only to soluble minerals. The different kinds of taste adopted for reference are as follows: 1. Astringent: the taste of vitriol. 2. Sweetish astringent: taste of alum. 3. Saline: taste of common salt. 4. Alkaline: tast'e of soda. 5. Cooling: taste of saltpeter. 6. Bitter: taste of Epsom salts. 7. Sour: taste of sulphuric acid.

Jan 1, 1922

By V. F. Marsters

SEEPAGES Of oil in Ecuador have been known for many years. The locality first to receive attention, and still worked in a modest way, lies on the north shore of the Santa Elena peninsula, between La Puntilla and Salinas. Operations were first conducted largely by local capital. Later, foreign companies acquired large blocks of land, where they have done considerable drilling. For details concerning present drilling activities in Ecuador, we are indebted to Leon Price, an American resident engineer of Ecuador. The information solicited, came to the author through the office of the American Consulate,' with permission to use it. The coastal plain bordering the Province of Tumbes, Peru, continues to the northeast, but narrows on passing the Zarumilla River. From this, point northward it widens toward Santa Rosa. In fact, the pampas, as shown on the official Wolf map, correspond fairly well to the areal extent of the coastal plain as far as Guayaquil. This is shown in a general way on the accompanying map. The author understands that the Guayaquil embayment is bordered on all sides by the coastal plain, as recognized at Tumbes and farther southwest, and that it can be followed without a break as far north as Palmar. This view is supported by the mapped area regarded by Mr. Price as favorable or possible oil territory. Moreover the islands in the Gulf of Guayaquil are the same geologically as the coastal edge, being composed of Tertiary sediments. The author understands also that Tertiary formations occur north of Palmar. According to a report by Mr. Cardon, of Guayaquil, Tertiary sediments are exposed in the region of San Francisco and extend to and beyond Pta. Calera. There is also reason to believe that at least the lower part of the valley of the Santiago River is occupied by Tertiary sediments, which probably border the coast line and extend into the River Mira basin, and into Colombia.

Jan 7, 1922

By Irving Cadoff, Kurt Komarek, Edward Miller

Barium can be purified by equilibration with titanium. The melting point of barium was found to be 726.2° i 0.5 °C. The room-temperature lattice parameters of BaTe and Bask are 7.004 * 0.002A and 6.600 * 0.002A. Melting points for BaTe and Base were found to be 1510° * 30°C and 1830° ± 50°C, respectively. HIGH-purity barium and its compounds are difficult to prepare because of the reactivity of barium with the atmosphere and the large heats of formation of the compounds. Purification of barium by vacuum distillation,' and the preparation and properties of barium oxide2 and barium sulfide3 have been reported. However, little has been done on the homologous compounds barium selenide and telluride. PURIFICATION OF BARIUM Distilled barium obtained from King Laboratories was used as the starting material. The analysis supplied with the metal showed the presence of: 0.4 wt pct Sr, 0.001 pct Mg, 0.02 pct F, 0.003 pct Cu, 0.005 pct Na and less than 5 x 10-3 wt pct of any other metallic impurity. Analyses for oxygen and nitrogen were not available. Since there is evidence4 that any barium nitride present in the starting material may decompose on distillation producing nitrogen which can contaminate the distillate, further purification was performed. At elevated temperatures, any nitrogen and oxygen present in barium should be removed by reaction with titanium. Assuming that the solubility of oxygen in liquid barium is negligible near the melting point of barium, any oxygen present will be in the form of BaO. Removal of oxygen from molten barium is expressed by the equation: BaO(S)+ TixOy(S) = Ba(l)+ TixO(y+1)(s) where Ti,Oy and TixO(y+1) are solid solutions of oxygen in titanium. At 1000°C, the change in free energy for this reaction is negative for (y+1)/x +y+1) x (100) 17.5 at. pct O.5 Since reaction with commercially pure titanium (containing 0.07 wt pct oxygen) results in a free energy change for the reaction of -19 kcal per g-atom, slight solubility of oxygen in barium would not hinder the oxygen removal. Since comparable thermodynamic data are not available to permit calculation of the partition of nitrogen between liquid barium and titanium, a similar quantitative relationship cannot be obtained. However, on the basis of work by Kubaschewski and Dench,5 complete removal of nitrogen from liquid barium can be expected. Since the melting point of barium is depressed markedly by small additions of nitrogen,' the change in melting point during reaction of barium with titanium was used to follow the purification reaction. MELTING POINT OF BARIUM A 50-g sample of barium was sealed by arc welding under argon into an all titanium crucible provided with a thermocouple well. The melting point of the sample was determined by thermal analysis, using a Pt/Pt-10 pct Rh thermocouple which was calibrated according to National Bureau of Standards specification6. The crucible was then heated for 48 hr at 950°C in vacuum and the melting point redetermined. This procedure was repeated until three successive thermal analyses agreed within ±0.5oC, the limits of error of the analysis. The melting point increased from an initial value of 720.0°C to a final value of 726.2°C. Analysis on samples quenched from 950°C gave a solubility value of 0.004 wt. pct Ti. Assuming that the titanium-barium phase diagram is similar to those of titanium-magnesium7 and titanium-calcium,8 the solubility of titanium in liquid barium decreases with decreasing temperature. Therefore, the solubility of titanium in liquid barium should be less than 0.004 wt. pctat the melting point (726oC), and the effect of dissolved titanium on the melting point would be negligible. Addition of up to 3 wt pct Sr does not significantly change the melting point of barium,7 so that the effect of the 0.4 wt pct Sr in the starting material will also be negligible. The value of 726.2" ± 0.5C obtained for the melting point of barium can be compared .with a determination carried out by Keller and coworkers in low-carbon steel crucibles,' who obtained a value of 725± 1C, using barium purified by fractional distillation. The higher value obtained in the present investigation is indicative of the effectiveness of titanium in removing traces of nitrogen. PREPARATION OF BaTe AND Base The compounds were prepared by direct reaction

Jan 1, 1961

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its President and its Secretary, may be published in the MINING AND METALLURGY of the Directory of the Institute. The members of such a society will not be named individually on the membership list of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as associates or junior associates of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied with suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special, weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership or for Junior membership.

Jan 1, 1923

By F. X. Meyer

THE United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company maintains an ore-purchasing department for procurement of custom tonnages of milling and smelting ores and concentrates for treatment at its Midvale plant. Arrangements with other companies provide for treatment of Company and custom zinc concentrates. Location of the Midvale plant in the heart of the Western mining country makes it possible to serve shippers from these nine producing states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Shipments from most of these states travel over main-line railroads, delivery being made at Midvale within a short time after billing of the shipment. Shipments varying in size from a few sacks to carloads can be handled at

Jan 1, 1948

By Beeby Thompson

ALTHOUGH the exclusion of foreigners and private owners from participation in the development of the. Russian oil fields prevents first-hand information being obtained, both official and private news indicate a growing appreciation of the value of the country's oil resources. Notwithstanding the suppression of that initiative and energy which only ambition can adequately stimulate, the industry is progressing and exports of products are assuming an importance that cannot be disregarded as an economic factor in the world's oil business. The following notes and observations must be regarded mainly as the views of one who has closely followed the fortunes of Russian oil, when considering the changes that have taken place in geological knowledge and oil-field technique, which have so profoundly modified oil-fields methods. Russia is fortunate in having retained the services of. a few scientists and technologists whose devotion to science has superseded their personal inclinations, and to these few men must be attributed the slow, but nevertheless striking, progress that has been made. The productive oil fields of Russia are centered around the Caspian Sea which, with its connected river system, constitutes such an ideal means of internal distribution for products. From the group of oilfields of which the. city of Baku forms a center, oil is pumped to Black-town, a suburb of Baku, where all the refineries are situated. The next important group of oil fields is located in the Terek district near Grosny, where refineries are erected and the products are piped or carried by tank cars to Petrovsk for the internal Russian market, or sent to the Black Sea by rail. A third oil field is spread over the province of Uralsk, north of the Caspian, Sea, the main port of outlet being Gourief, at the mouth of the River Ural. In Trans-Caspia there are two oil-field centers, one near Krasnovodsk on Chelekan Island, and one in Central Asia at Ferghana. The product of the former fields is transported to Baku for treatment, while the output of the Turkestan field is refined and consumed locally, mainly by the railway.

Jan 3, 1925

By T. A. Simpson

The search for ore continued at its relentless pace throughout 1967. Canada, South Africa and Australia plus a few scattered localities on the globe reported minerals finds of significant importance. Many of the reported finds were not high grade ore, but they nonetheless will assist in sup- plying a highly industrialized, mineral hungry world. No longer does inaccessibility and remoteness close an area to mineral exploration and development. The communication and transportation systems of today have closed the gap and, moreover, the demand for essential mineral commodities is causing price shifts which encourage exploitation of deposits heretofore considered uneconomical.

Jan 2, 1968

By Ta M. Li

Application of an hydraulic mining system to a troublesome overburden removal project has unlocked an estimated three million tons of ore reserves at Caland Ore Co., Ltd.'s open-pit iron operation in Ontario, Canada. The mine, operated by Caland under a 99-year lease and royalty agreement with Steep Rock Iron Mines, Ltd., would have been forced to curtail its mining operations later this year as the economic limits of the original pit design were being reached. As a result of the stripping program, which uses a tandem set of Marconaflo jet slurry systems, Caland officials now estimate that mining will continue into 1977. These reserves, added to existing ore stockpiles, are expected to sustain the firm's pelletizing operation well into 1981. In addition, Caland engineers are initiating studies to continue mining since the ore body, to date, has yet to bottom out.

Jan 10, 1976

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its President and its Secretary, may be published in the Bulletin or the Year Book of the Institute. The individual members of such a society will not be catalogued as individual members or associates of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as members or associates of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied with suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special, weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership or for Junior membership.

Jan 1, 1923

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its President and its Secretary, may be published in the Bulletin or the Year Book of the Institute. The individual members of such a society will not be catalogued as individual members or associates of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as members or associates of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied with suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special, weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership or for Junior membership.

Jan 1, 1923

1 Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc , may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its president and its secretary, may be published in MINING AND METALLURGY or the Directory of the Institute. The members of such a society will not be named individually on the membership list of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as associates or junior associates of the Institute, in the usual way 2 Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied with suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the pro¬posal of a candidate for membership

Jan 1, 1923

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its President and its Secretary, may be published in the Bulletin or the Year Book of the Institute. The individual members of such a society will not be catalogued as individual members or associates of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as members or associates of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied with suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special ,weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership or for Junior membership.

Jan 1, 1923

By Joseph Pogue

THE, prices of crude petroleum and its derivatives have shown an upward trend from 1915 to 1920, and a downward trend from 1920 to 1923, see Table 1. Over the former period, oil prices were dominated by the rapidly increasing demands and inflation incident to the war and its aftermath, while over the latter period oil prices were influenced at the outset by deflation and then by the conditions of overproduction that have characterized the past three years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the broader features of the more recent price movements in the petroleum industry and to relate these features to basic economic conditions in the industry. INDEX NUMBERS OF OIL PRICES The analysis and comparison of price movements may be facilitated by converting actual prices into relative prices, or index numbers, with 1913 taken as a base of 100. In this way, the various price groups are expressed as percentages of the 1913 prices and may thus be readily compared with one another or with the average prices of other commodities similarly expressed. Table 1 gives the index numbers representing the average prices of crude petroleum, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, lubricating oils, and all commodities. The last named is the index of all commodities as published by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and .is widely accepted .as the official measure of the general price level. The index numbers of oil prices were calculated by the writer from weekly quotations published in trade journals.

Jan 3, 1924

Jan 1, 1935

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its President and its Secretary, may be published in the Bulletin or the Year Book of the Institute. The individual members of such a society will not be catalogued as individual members or associates of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as members or associates of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied with suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special ,weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership or for Junior membership.

Jan 1, 1917

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its President and its Secretary, may be published in the MINING AND METALLURGY of the Directory of the Institute. The members of such a society will not be named individually on the membership list of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as associates or junior associates of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied with suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special, weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership or for Junior membership.

Jan 1, 1923