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By A. G. Metcalfe, Koeneman

A study of the structure of chemically deposited nickel by Goldenstein, Rostoker, Scpssberger, and Gutzeit has been reported recently. In this work it was shown that the nickel deposit produced by the catalytic nickel-reduction process was an amorphous solid. Crystallization occurred at elevated temperatures when the original powder pattern which showed only a diffuse ring with a d-spacing of 2.01A became sharp, revealing nickel and nickel-phosphide lines. The phosphide was indexed provision%lly on a tetragonal lattice of parameters a = 9.01A and c = 4.42A, which is in reasonable agreement with the structure of Ni3P proposed by No-wotny and Henglein.3 The transformation from the amorphous to the solid state occurs abruptly (e.g., after 7 min holding at 400°C) with the evolution of considerably more than 1000 cal per gm-mole. A more detailed analysis of these effects requires a knowledge of the solubility of phosphorus in nickel. Konstanti-now3 mapped out the phase diagram in 1908 but did not determine the solid solubility. The eutectic was placed at 11 pct P and 880°C. The purity of typical catalytic nickel deposits is very high.' Spectrographic analysis for heavier elements showed only trace amounts of aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, lead, and silicon. The term "strace" is a qualitative definition for less than 0.1 pct and probably less than 0.01 pct. Analysis for the interstitial elements yielded 0.04 pct C, 0.0023 pct 0, 0.0005 pct N, and 0.0016 pct H. Some of this material with 7.5 pct P was used in the present work. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Alloys were prepared from carbonyl-nickel shot and a master composition containing 7.5 pct P. Cold-crucible, nonconsumable-arc melting was used.

Jan 1, 1959

By Charles R. Keyes

PAGE I. Introductory............ 140 II. Location and History...........140 III. Surface-Relief of the District....... 141 IV. General GeoloGic Features........ 142 1. Main Relationships and Map....... 142 2. Résumé of Geologic History..143 V. Geologic Formations Represented...144 1. Broader Considerations......... 144 2. Geologic Section.......... 145 3. Nomenclature.......... 146 4. El Pasan Limestones..146 5. Santa Rita Limestone.... 146 6. Silver Shales........... 147 7. Bella Shales........... 147 8. Berenda Limestone..147 9. Grande Limestone... 148 10. Lake Valley Limestone........ 148 11. Sierra Limestone.......... 149 VI. Unconformities........... 149 VII. Geologic Structure.......... 150 1. Main Characteristics......... 150 2. Folding........... 1.50 3. Faultings........... 150 4. Relations of the Eruptives...153 VIII. Geologic Relations OF the Ore-Bodies...... 154 1. Governing Factom......... 154 2. Position.......... 154 3. Relations to Foldings...155 4. Relations to Lines of Dislocation... 15.5 5. Relations to Present Surface.Relief..156 6. Relations to Eruptive Rocks...157 7. Relations to Lithologic Nature of the Rocks.... 158 IX. MINERALOGIC CHARACTER OF THE ORES...... 158 X. Origin of the Ore.Deposits..159 1. General Statement......... 159 2. Original Source of the 0re.Materials...160 3. Contact-Metamorphism of the Region... 161 4. Process of 0re.Concentration..162 5. Lowering of Ground-Water Level..162 6. Formation of Cerargyritic Ores...163 XI. Recapitulation........... 168

Jan 1, 1909

By H. A. Guess

A Discussion of the Paper by Mr. H. A. Guess, read at the Atlantic City meeting, February, 1904. MR. JOSEPH P. GAZZAM, Germiston, Transvaal, So. Africa (communication to the Secretary*) :-About fourteen years ago, in southeastern Missouri, I used a method for the wet determination of lead which closely resembles the modified sulphate-chromate method described by Mr. Guess. The principal difference, however, is, that after dissolving the lead chromate in hydrochloric acid, the chromic acid is determined by means of a standard solution of ferrous sulphate. The method, which I believe is still in use in southeastern Missouri, was found to be convenient and accurate for the determination of lead in the ores and various products of the mills and furnaces in that district, but it was never used for complex ores. A number of determinations of lead in mill-tailings were made in the year 1891; a few of these results are given in Table I.

Mar 1, 1905

On August 4, 1844, J. C. Fremont made the first record found of coal in Wyoming. On the North Fork of the Platte River, beyond Medicine Butte, in Carbon County, he noted: "in the precipitous bluffs were displayed a succession of strata containing fossil, vegetable remains, and several beds of coal. In some of the beds, the coal did not appear to be perfectly mineralized; and in some of the seams, it was compact and remarkably lustrous." A little later he noted, "longitude 111°, latitude 4 1/2°-Muddy R.--coal."1 In 1848, Clayton reported coal on Sulphur Creek near the site of old Bear River City, in Uinta County.2 Maj. Osborne Cross in his journal, on July 1, 1849, records seeing coal on Deer Creek and in one of the hills near Crooked Muddy Creek, in Converse County; on July 7, he records that the country from Deer Creek to the Sweetwater River abounds in coal, probably in Natrona and Carbon Counties.3 A letter from Asst. Quartermaster Van Vliet to General Jessup dated July 25, 1850, asked an appropriation for building shops at Fort Laramie for making repairs for the emigrants, and mentions "coal and timber," but undoubtedly meant charcoal, as no other mention of stone coal is made in the records of the fort.4 Stansbury, in 1852, placed on his map of this section the words: "Great Coal Basin," extending from the west bank of Bear River, near the present Evanston, to Point of Rocks in Sweetwater County. In 1859, a military coal reservation was established near here, but the coal was never worked to any great extent, although probably some was hauled to Fort Bridger for smithing purposes. When the fort was abandoned this reservation returned to the public lands .2 In the same year (1859), Hayden traced the lignite formation uninterruptedly from the upper Missouri Valley to a point on the North Platte River, about 80 miles northwest of Fort Laramie.5 On August 25, 1865,

Jan 1, 1942

By J. G. Thompson

PROJECT 8411 of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, sponsored by the Iron and Steel Division of the A.I.M.E., is an attempt to define more concisely than has been possible heretofore the accuracy and the Limits ' of usefulness of the ' various methods now in use for the determination of oxygen as it exists in ferrous materials. It originated in correspondence between John Johnston and other metallurgists, and was brought to the attention of the Iron and Steel Division of the Institute at the Annual Meeting in February, 1933. As reported in MINING AND MET,ALLURGY, Vol. 14, page 152, March, 1933, "Dr. Johnston introduced, and those present adopted, a resolution that the Iron and Steel Division of the A.I.M.E., believing that a careful comparison of the several methods now in use for the analysis of steel for nonmetallic elements such as oxygen is highly desirable, heartily endorses the proposal that the U. S. Bureau of Standards act as a clearing house " in this matter, undertaking the final preparation and allocation of identical samples to those laboratories willing to collaborate in this important question, and collate the results re- ported back to the Bureau.'"

Jan 1, 1934

By A. O. HAYES

SYSTEMATIC methods of ore-finding are looked to the more as increasing production requires greater supplies of raw materials. Unrelenting search for new sources of supply is necessary, and all the skill of science must be displayed both in methods of discovering and recovering the minerals necessary to the demands of present-day life. To this end most national governments have some sort of a geo- logical survey and there is a growing understanding of the desirability for cooperation between federal and state or provincial organizations and also financial assistance, from state and private universities, mining companies, railroads and manufacturers. Such surveys are now being directed by well trained geologists selected from federal, state and university departments. Large-scale maps are being prepared and better geo- logical interpretation made, more thorough chemical and physical examinations are being made and original search is fostered, with the result that successful prospecting is better directed, new mining regions are more likely to be discovered, and the life of. old camps lengthened.

Jan 1, 1931

Spencer Gulf takes off from the Great Australian Bight cutting a 200 mile deep wedge of water into the South Australia coastline. A pale winter sun shines yellowly on the choppy surface of this body of water which is progressively more salty as it approaches Port Augusta at the head of the Gulf. Once Port Augusta thrived as a grain port and the speedy clipper ships began or ended their legendary races there. On the eastern shores of Spencer Gulf, farm land spreads away from the water's edge. The western side of the gulf meets marginal grazing land of acacia tree and salt bush. Part way down the gulf, there are two industrial towns facing each other from opposite shores; Port Pirie on the east and Whyalla on the west. These towns are like half brothers, the common parent being the founders of Broken Hill Pty. Ltd., (BHP) who began lead smelting at Port Pirie and discovered iron ore near Whyalla needed for the lead smelting process. The iron deposits later became the inspiration for BHP's iron and steel business.

Jan 10, 1964

By William T. Folwell

The Lucky Friday mine east of Mullan, Idaho, is an outstanding example of a property in the Coeur dlAlene district where a small and insignificant-appearing silver-lead-zinc vein at the surface has changed at depth into a large vein of great importance. The Lucky Friday vein has little if any surface expression and above the 1200 level the ore shoots are small and discontinuous. Between the 1200 level and 2450 level, the lowest developed level, the main ore shoot has shown remarkable improvement on each succeeding lower level, and today the mine is one of the major lead-silver producers in the Coeur d'Alene district. History: The Lucky Friday property is on the north side of the South Fork of the Coeur d'Alene River in sections 25, 26 and 35, T. 48 N., R. 5 E., Hunter mining district, Shoshone County, Idaho. This is about one mile east of the town of Mullan, which serves the eastern portion of the Coeur d'Alene district. The southern part of the property is crossed by a branch line of the Northern Pacific Ry. and by U. S. Highway 10. This highway is the principal road crossing the panhandle of Idaho and connects the district with Spokane, Wash., on the west and Missoula, Mont., on the east. The main portal and surface plant of the Lucky Friday mine is at an elevation of 3365 ft, only a short distance above the valley floor and a few hundred feet from U. S. Highway 10. so the mine is readily accessible for year-round operation. The property is comprised of six claims, known as the Lucky Friday group, owned outright by the Lucky Friday Silver-Lead Mines Co. There are four patented claims, Good Friday, Lucky Friday, Northern Light, and Lucky Friday Fraction No. 2 (Mineral Survey No. 3028), and two unpatented claims, Hunter and Creek. In addition, Lucky Friday owns an undivided one-half interest in the Hunter Creek property. which adjoins the Lucky Friday group on the north: a 90 pct interest in the mineral rights in the Jutila Ranch (160A), which adjoins the Lucky Friday group on the east; and a 60 pct interest in the Lucky Friday Extension claim group, which adjoins the Lucky Friday group on the west. The company also has a long-term mining lease on the Hunter Ranch, which adjoins the Lucky Friday group on the west. The claims of the Lucky Friday group were located between 1899 and 1906. The Lucky Friday Mines Co. was organized in 1906 and did considerable exploration work by surface trenching and shallow underground workings, only to see the property sold by the Shoshone county sheriff to satisfy labor claims totaling $2000 in 1912. Another firm, Lucky Friday Mining Co., bought the claims in 1914 and spent 12 years driving what is now known as the tunnel level crosscut. This tunnel intersected a vein previously exposed in a higher tunnel, but it was only a few inches wide. The vein was followed a short distance westerly but was so unpromising that the work was discontinued in favor of extending the main crosscut tunnel several hundred feet north. No ore was found and all work was discontinued. The property was held in such low esteem by the firm that it let taxes amounting to less than $15 a year go delinquent for nine years. Then the property lay idle for two more years until in 1938 John Sekulic, a Mullan service station operator, took a lease, with a $15,000 purchase option, on the advice of an old miner who had worked in the mine. Sekulic re-opened the tunnel level crosscut and explored the vein with an easterly drift for about 200 ft. The vein was too narrow to be of commercial value but was believed interesting enough to warrant further exploration at depth. Lacking funds to explore the vein at depth, Sekulic tried to get the district's larger operating companies to take over his lease and option. They were not interested because of the lean tunnel level showing and the fact that the property lay between the White Ledge fault on the north and Osburn fault on the south, an area which geologists always considered unworthy of exploration. Sekulic then organized the present company and assigned his lease and option to it for stock. This was in 1939. Enough stock was sold locally to finance sinking of a shaft 100 ft from the tunnel level east drift. The vein at this additional depth still was not commercial but showed some improvement. Treasury stock was offered at 5 to 10C a share

Jan 1, 1959

By HERBERT G. MOULTON

FROM prehistoric times to our own day man has struggled against extremes of climate. Human life, originating in semi-tropical or temperate areas, was unable to progress into the northern latitudes until fire was discovered and some form of clothing provided. It was found possible to maintain life even in the hottest parts of the tropics, but only at a great sacrifice of comfort and efficiency compared with the more temperate zones, or in cooler areas with the protection of clothing and artificial heat. It was no accident, but the natural result of climatic conditions, that efficiency became the greatest and civilization the most advanced in areas where the natural climate was favorable, or in cooler zones where protection against severe cold could be se-cured by relatively simple methods of conserving or producing heat.

Jan 1, 1933

By AIME AIME

A REQUEST for information as to the details of activities of the Engineering Council was made by the Joint Conference Committee for the benefit of the new American Engineering Council. , This request was complied with, and the scheduled reply so succinctly sets forth the activities of the old Council as well as the scope of possible activities of ,the new Council, about whose efforts there has been much discussion, .that it' is given herewith in full, except the 'budget which is summarized.

Jan 1, 1920

By T. R. A. Davey

A Survey of current and recent research and developmental work is supplemented by predictions for processes which should be developed over the reminder of this century.

Jan 1, 1970

By John Johnston

THIS necessarily brief sketch will attempt to summarize the high lights of perhaps the best meeting so far held by the Iron and Steel Division. All sessions were well attended and the discussion was vigorous and of a high order. The technical sessions opened. on Tuesday morning. "Precipitation Hardening of Copper Steels" was discussed by Cyril S. Smith and Earl W. Palmer, and dealt with steel with a 1 per cent copper content. Discussion brought out that there were no fabricating difficulties, but that the surface might be somewhat checked due to intergranular penetration of copper which could be easily taken care of. Probable advantages of steels of this type for high temperatures were pointed out. "An Improved Nickel-chromium Hardened Chilled Cast Iron," by J. S. Vanick, described a wear-resistant cast iron and evoked a lively discussion.

Jan 1, 1933

Jan 1, 1886

By W. Henry Weimer

A successful surface coal operation requires the combined efforts of engineering and operating personnel. In the planning for a mine, machines should be selected to do the best work in getting the coal uncovered, loaded, and transported to the preparation plant. The best system and extent of cleaning will be determined by the market. After the fundamentals of operation have been established, the operating personnel should see they are carried out. There is no simple solution to some of the every day problems facing the operating officials. Here the production engineer with the technical approach, time studies, control methods, past experience, and available records can help in detecting causes of inefficient phases of the operations. With these studies, a careful analysis can be made in setting up the expected standards to be followed. Management can then compare the job under study with the standards and make corrections to solve the problems. 5.2-1. Annual or Daily Coal Production. Once the production cycle has been established, it is paramount that coal sales keep the productivity of the mine as high as possible. A successful company does this by what they call "the control approach." The daily tonnage report is one of the things that is a potent control tool in attaining the goals to be achieved. If production is falling short of the goal, the daily tonnage report will reveal what has to be done in the remaining days of the month or year to achieve the expected schedule. When goals are reached or exceeded, then budgeted tonnages and costs will be reached or exceeded and thus assure attainment of a profit. Failing to keep to the scheduled pace shows up quickly and prominently, facilitating any necessary action to get things back to the projected plans. The sales target is usually set a little higher than the operating production. The sales tonnage is scheduled and sales are made accordingly, slightly

Jan 1, 1968

By E. A. Anderson

THIS seems to be the year for superlatives in A.I.M.E. meetings. The programs of the various Divisions and Institute committees offered an abundance of interesting and valuable information in the form of technical papers, symposia. and lectures to large and interested audiences. The Institute of Metals Division may hold up its head with pride for its own program. With six technical sessions, three full-day symposia, and the annual I.M.D. dinner, four meeting days were not enough and many simultaneous sessions were required. The quantity and quality of the paper were equaled by the numbers and interest of those attending.

Jan 1, 1944

By Arthur Knapp

OIL-WELL depletion curves, to be of value, should show when a well or lease may no longer be operated at a profit. The difference, at any time, between the total expenditures and the total income of a lease or well may be called the lease status. Plotting this lease status against time will give a curve subject to more accurate and different interpretations than the barrels-time curves. According to the hypothetical barrels-time curves shown in Fig. 1, well A, at the end of 16 mo., is producing twice as much oil as well B and will continue to produce for another year whereas well B will cease producing in about 6 months. DATA FOR LEASE STATUS-TIME OR DOLLARS-TIME CURVE TIME LEASE MONTHS STATUS Lease purchased for $3000 0 -$ 3,000 No expenses chargeable to lease for 3 mo 2 - 3,000 Well A is started; cost of drilling for month is $16,000 3 - 19,000 Well is completed at additional cost of $10,000 4 - 29,000 Well A is brought in and flows 10,000 bbl. first month (see Fig. 1). Necessary to invest in tanks, boilers, pipe lines, etc.: difference between expenditures and receipts gives profit for month of $5,000 5 - 24,000 Investment is small, cost of operating well A is small, so profits are $15,000 6 - 9,000 Well ceases to flow so there is additional investment for pumping equipment and additional operating expense; net earnings from 6,000 bbl. of oil produced is $4,000.... 7 - 5,000 Lease operation now becomes normal and curve becomes smooth 8 - 500 9 2,000 10 4,500 11 6,000 12 7,700 13 8,700 14 9,000 15 9,500 16 10,000

Jan 1, 1921

By AIME AIME

THOUGH the dust-control systems in the crushing plants and other buildings at Morenci do not differ materially from similar installations in other large copper reduction works, it is probable that in few other plants has as much attention been paid to the dust problem. Possibly the most striking feature of the Morenci installation is the manner in which the necessary equipment has been built into the various structures, and the absence of unsightly pipes, ducts, and fan houses. That this result has been attained is due, in no small part, to the basic conception that the control of the dust in a milling plant should be an essential part of the process itself and not something to be tacked on later after the plant is in operation. The control systems were designed and developed along with the general plant construction program and when the first car of ore was dumped into the crusher the dust-control equipment was ready.

Jan 1, 1942

By P. K. STRONG

AS an evidence of the fact that mines safety is not being neglected even in the remote district of the Philippines, a short account is appended of the organization and activities of the Mambulao-Paracale District First Aid and Mine, Rescue Association, whose headquarters are at Jose Panganiban Cam, Norte P. I. The second annual miner?s safety celebration which is sponsored by the Association was held in Paracale on Sept. 2, 1940. The event is the big occasion of the year when the thousands of employees of the mines in the district meet to compete for prizes and has become a great social function as well.=

Jan 1, 1941

By F. H. Deily, D. S. Rowley, R. J. Howe

By Douglas Bunting

(Wilkes-Barre Meeting, June, 1911.) WITH the gradual exhaustion of the upper veins in the anthracite coal-fields, the problem of mining at greater depths acquires increasing importance and demands the consideration of a number of important factors, one of which is the greater earth-pressure and the consequent necessity of stronger support o for the roof. Under the pillar-and-chamber system, almost exclusively followed in the Northern anthracite-field, the highest economy in mining is generally secured by leaving, on first mining, pillars only sufficient to support safely the overlying strata. As to the necessary size of such pillars, the opinions of mining experts are widely divergent. In establishing the width of chambers and pillars, the thickness of vein and its depth below the surface have received little consideration. For. instance, it has been quite usual to work both overlying and underlying veins with the same width of chambers and pillars, when the lower vein was two and one-half times as thick, and twice as fits below the surface, as the upper. In view of the generally-accepted theory that the crushing-strength of coal-pillars of the same base-area becomes less with increased height, it is probable, in this instance at least, that the most economical mining has not been secured. This question of adequate pillar-support is economically less important down to about 800 ft. than at greater depths; and it is with reference to mining at these greater depths that the study of the subject here presented has been prompted. The necessity of leaving larger pillars, involving greater mining-costs per ton and also smaller yields per acre, is one of the troubles of deep working. To mine without leaving adequate pillar-supports will result, sooner or later, in a squeeze. Limited areas, it is true, have been mined at certain widths of

Sep 1, 1911