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By I Gipps

A vision of what the future mine involves all aspects of mining, ie orebody access, ore stoping, material transport, processing and waste material disposal. This paper examines one aspect of the future mine: rock extraction, stoping, automated for remote operation, high productivity and low cost. Concepts for the future require a re-think of the mining process and ROES® re-examines how bulk stoping of ore can be undertaken and how this should be redesigned to accommodate the possibilities that exists with remote control and automated operations.ROES® is a new mining system for underground mines and quarries utilising a shaft located close to or within the stope for the ore breakage process. The system is designed to exclude personnel from contact with production drilling, explosive placement and detonation so all of these tasks are remotely controlled or automated. Survey of the shaft, stope back and broken rock within the stope will occur, following each blast, by remote control or automated techniques. The survey will include excavation geometry, rock fragmentation, geotechnical characterisation and estimation of ore grade. Blastholes will be surveyed before placement of explosives and, with the survey data, the optimal explosive placement and blast timing will be determined with the best available information.ROES® is designed for application in open stoping or sublevel caving in disseminated, geologically defined, thick tabular or narrow vein ore bodies. Technologies developed for ROES® will also have potential applications to caving operations, reducing the risk of frozen ore and poor fragmentation. In a typical sublevel open stope application, ROES® will reduce the stope associated development by half and will allow ore to be brought on-stream sooner and at lower cost. Other savings will flow with the centralisation of mining activities and operational data, reduction in mining fleet, reduction in ventilation requirements, improved occupational safety and reduced mine complexity.

Nov 22, 2011

By Whang K, Choi H

A study of flocculation of ultra-fine coal particles by ultrasonic waves was investigated on a laboratory scale.The coal suspension was dilute, with low ionic strength, and at pH 6·2.When a stationary sonic wave is set up in a solution containing suspended coal particles, it is believed that high and low pressure regions are alternately established at the half wave-length of the sonic wave and this resultsin the migration of coal particles towards the low pressure regions.As expected the flocculation is more effective as to frequency and the power of the ultrasonic waves is increased.The shape and size of the test equipment are also important variables.

Jan 1, 1977

By F F. Pitard, K J. Ehrig

The Olympic Dam iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG) uranium-silver deposit is second in size only to Norilsk, the gigantic metalliferous deposit. Olympic Dam is the largest publicly declared uranium, fifth largest copper and third largest gold resource. The deposit is typified by texturally destructive brecciation and intense iron metasomatism of the Roxby Downs Granite, bedded clastic facies rocks and mafic-ultramafic dykes. The deposit contains over 100 minerals. Copper mineralisation consists of chalcopyrite, bornite and chalcocite. Uraninite, coffinite and brannerite are the dominant uranium-bearing minerals. Gold mineralisation consists of electrum, tellurides and Au-Cu alloys. Hessite is the major silver-bearing mineral. The economic minerals are disseminated throughout the breccia matrix where the average grain sizes of the Cu-sulfide, uranium, gold and silver minerals are ~50, 20, <5, <5 microns, respectively.A significant number of sampling theory-based test programs have been completed since the mid-1990s to establish sampling nomographs, select appropriate sampling (ie split versus chip and interval lengths) and sample preparation protocols, quantify the errors associated with each subsampling stage, determine the practical uncertainty limits of Olympic Dam matrix-matched standards, and identify improvement opportunities related to the ongoing assaying quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) program. Invaluable knowledge and unexpected insights gained from sampling studies at Olympic Dam have helped to improve our understanding of the distribution of economic and deleterious elements within the Olympic Dam deposit.CITATION:Ehrig, K J and Pitard, F F, 2017. Underground bulk sampling, uniform conditioning and conditional simulation – unrealistic expectations?, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 21–28 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By C R. Fountain, W R. Cannings

The zinc-lead-silver mineral resource at Lady Loretta ranks amongst the worldÆs richest when measured in terms of in situ metal grades. However, the project remains undeveloped 28 years after its discovery in 1969. The primary obstacle to development has been the fine and complex grain structure of its ores, which make flotation concentration inefficient even with fine grinding. The size and remote location of the deposit have also hindered exploitation. BUKA planned to directly fume the volatile target metals from the ore when it acquired the project. Intensive, post-acquisition modeling showed the innovative processing route to be uneconomic, notwithstanding high metals recovery and low waste content in fume product. Progressive modifications and supplements to the underlying fuming process enhanced economics and resulted in a new mine-to-metal processing route for zinc-lead-silver ores. The proprietary, three-stage BUKA Zinc Process offers technical, economic and environmental advantages. It is expected to find widespread application in the treatment of ores and residues. However, neither continued R&D nor application to Lady LorettaÆs currently delineated resource can be justified under prevailing market conditions. The objectives and results of each step in the process development sequence are outlined with reference to their impact on the commercial viability of the Lady Loretta project.

Jan 1, 1998

By A Harris, N Fitzpatrick, F MacCorquodale

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Gosowong epithermal Au-Ag deposits, located on the island of Halmahera, North Maluku Province, Indonesia, are owned and operated by PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals, a joint venture between Newcrest Mining Limited (75 per cent) and PT Aneka Tambang Tbk (25 per cent).The Gosowong deposit was a greenfields discovery in 1994. Subsequent brownfields discoveries, most recently in 2009, have resulted in a total endowment of more than 6 Moz Au. The three main deposits include Gosowong, Toguraci and Kencana, and as of December 2013, production comprised 5.7 Mt Au at 24 g/t for 4.3 Moz with remaining resources of 4.2 Mt Au at 13 g/t for 1.7 Moz.Mineralisation primarily occurs in multistage veins, breccias and stockwork veins, with at least four texturally- and mineralogically-distinct vein events, including: banded crystalline quartz, quartz-adularia, quartz-chlorite and quartz-sulfide stages. Vein mode, texture and mineralogy are zoned around areas of maximum dilation, vein width and vein grade. Within banded quartz-chlorite, grades of >1000 g/t Au are common. Anomalous Au-Ag-Pb-As-Sb-K-Li geochemistry in rocks is commonly associated with the epithermal mineralisation. Four major types of hypogene alteration are recognised at Gosowong: silicification (quartz-illite-adularia-pyrite) within the immediate vein zone, argillic (illite-quartz-pyrite) alteration enveloping the vein zone, advanced argillic (dickite-kaolinite-quartz) alteration above and adjacent to the vein zone and within the overlying Kayasa Formation, and propylitic (chlorite-epidote-albite-calcite-pyrite) alteration within the footwall and distal to the vein zone.CITATION:Fitzpatrick, N, Harris, A, MacCorquodale, F and Wardiman, D, 2015. The Gosowong goldfield – a world-class epithermal gold-silver district in Indonesia , in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 235–242 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By Shepherd J

Megascopic and microscopic studies of cleats and mining induced cleavage in Ihe first workings at Leichhardt Colliery reveal the presence of four distinct fracture sets. Microscopic studies confirm underground observations of the fracture sets.The most likely order of formation of the fractures is (i) "butt" cleats (ii) facc cleats (iii) shallow dipping faults (iv) mining induced cleavage. Three fracture sets apparently formed by tensiIe failure. Microscopy shows that the mining induced cleavage surfaces have preferred starting or lerminating points at the extremity of a "butt" cleat and a vitrite-dull coal band boundary. It is postulated that the induced cleavage begins at 'butt' cleats which behave as Griffith flaws under high compression around Leichhardt Colliery faces. Instantaneous outbursts of coal and gas are associated with only those workings which are affected by mining induced cleavage and occur at or adjacent to working faces.

Jan 1, 1981

Mount Isa Mines Limited first installed electronic data processing equipment in 1959. The decision to replace this equipment with a computer was motivated by the need for greater processing power and the availability of new and less expensive computers. Consideration of hardware software and delivery features of available equipment, resulted in the selectIon of an ICT 1900 series computer which was installed in March 1966. Special air-conditioning and power stabilization equipment was also required.Systems design and programming was carried out by personnel recruited from within the Company and trained by the computer manufacturer. Early work was hindered by the problems of remote location.Initial applications were basically accounting functions whIch were taken over from the EDP installation. Subsequently computer applIcatIOns of a more complex technical nature have been undertaken. Future work will include both "scientific" and data processing applications.

Jan 1, 1968

Blasts should be designed so as to maximise the percentage of charges which shoot to a free face (Le, to a pronounced rock/air interface).Free faces should be rough, parallel and reasonably near to blastholes and, very importantly, concavely·biplanar relative to the charges (see Fig. 6b). The presence of biplanar free faces requires that each charge fragments and detaches its quota of the burden rock before the detonation of:1. later-firing adjacent charges in single-row blasts, and2. dependent charges in multi-row blasts.In multi-row blasts, biplanar faces are best achieved:1. by drilling blastholes on equilateral triangular grids,2. by selecting a VI, V2 or V3 initiation sequence, and3. by using down-the-hole delays.Biplanar faces start to be created only when the conventional value of effective blasthole spacing/effective burden distance (Se/Be) increases beyond about 2.4. Values of Se/Be less than about 2.4 result in planar free faces. Where biplanar faces are created, conventional values of Se/Be are invalid and appreciably greater than real values of Se/Be.

Jan 1, 1986

By Cawte D. C, Just G. D, Whitchurch K. D

The stringent marketing specifications included in coal contracts mean that coal producers must supply cleaner and more consistent coal than may have been formerly required. Geostatistics has the potential to aid in the accurate estimation of the washability characteristics of coal. A prediction method, the Kriged Service Variable Approach has been developed.A Computer Aided Drafting and Design system has proved useful in the development and application of the approach. The geostatistical approach has been tested against coal geological and borehole data and applications discussed.

Jan 1, 1987

By R Dimitrakopoulos, R Senécal

This paper presents a metaheuristic solution to the optimisation of open pit long-term production scheduling with a stockpile and geological uncertainty. The optimisation formulation is a two-stage stochastic integer programming (SIP) model that determines the optimal mining sequence that maximises the total discounted cash flow, while penalising for high deviations from production targets. A parallel implementation of Tabu Search is proposed to accelerate the solution of the SIP formulation and take full advantage of multicore computer processing. Different variants of the proposed algorithm are applied to a case study to assess the performance of the parallel approach. The proposed algorithm and variants are benchmarked using linear relaxation of the complete problem to determine robustness and provide a better overview of the related performance. The results show a net improvement over the sequential solution, and the new proposal seems to be promising when working with a large-scale data set.CITATION:Senécal, R and Dimitrakopoulos, R, 2014. Parallel implementation of a Tabu search procedure for stochastic mine scheduling, in Proceedings Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning Symposium 2014 , pp 405–414 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 24, 2014

By K Watanabe

A relational database in which its complex contents can be navigated through a map interface (ie spatially enabling) is relatively a new concept yet attractive for geoscience fields. This concept is made possible using the new breed of geographic information system (GIS) that utilises component object model and relational database management system. Such sophisticated yet open and highly interoperable platform makes possible the integration of data management, analysis, and modeling processes into single workflow. Taking benefit of this technology trend, several initiatives emerge in geoscience to establish digital data models, such as the petroleum industry, the North America digital geologic map data model, and the ESRI geology data model. The mining industry unfortunately has not followed same paths due to the lack of data model and standards in its history. This paper presents an effort on establishing a digital data model for mining-related geoscience databases. The aim is to promote several standards by proposing a preliminary data model and demonstrating that the model is working for the mining business datasets. The case study is the island of Java, the western part of the Sunda island arc of Indonesia. Many types of datasets, such as geologic maps, topography, mineral deposits, structures, geochemical and geophysical data were dealt with and were transformed relational geologic databases of Java using the new Geodatabase geographic data model. Intelligent GIS tools were investigated for geologic applications, ranging from generic to specific purposes. Subtypes and domain were used to set up constraints, while topology rules and relationship classes were used to create links among data layers. The linear referencing system was used to model drillhole data. The current results show that the generic GIS and relational database can handle typical tasks related with mining business datasets. A preliminary data model is finally suggested.

Jan 1, 2004

Although these subterranean cavities are common to the Broken Hill big lode, yet the Broken Hill Proprietary is the most prolific in their occurrence, loud they have been found of various dimensions almost from the surface down to the lowest levels yet attained in that mine. Many of these vugbs have contined valuable silver, copper and lead deposits, and some have been remarkable for the beautiful forms of crystallization pendant from the roofs and walls, and collected on the floors. The question arises, How are these caverns and fissures in the ore body formed? There are numerous theories more or less feasible, but that the causes are variant is demonstrated beyond doubt. That water in its passage leaving channels, is one ofthe chief factors for their production is assured, and their presence is likewise due to the shrinkage and dropping of the earth from varions causes, to the deposition of material forming ledges overhanging, and thus leaving spaces below, and also to chemical erosion and electrical action both of which latter are constantly at work in reconstructing, segregating and dissolving tlie mineral and metallic constituents of all ore bodies.One of the most remarkable vughs yet discovered in the big mine was that opened up about three months bitek in the' heart of the ironstone body on Block 11, and located about 40 feet below the 100 feet level of Weatherley's stopes, but now destroyed in the progress of work. Probably it was caused by chemical action, the eating out, so to speak, of a soft and soluble portion of the manganic iron, leaving a,hollow about 15 feet long, with a width and height, of say, 6 feet, carpeted with beautiful zinc with a modicum of limeincrustations, apparently produced by the percolation from around the carbonate waters holding these minerals in solution. This cavern was divided into, what might be termed, a double chamber, by big boulders of manganic iron, also coated with an aggregation of small crystals of zinc and lime although the actual proportion of the latter was not determined.

By A Fitzpatrick

An integrated and dynamic water balance and water quality model for a proposed base metal mine has been created using the GoldSimÖ software package. The model was initially developed to address the water quality of the Tailings Management Facility pond and how pond discharge would potentially affect downstream water quality. However, due to changing project objectives, the modelling has expanded over time through an iterative process to encompass the full mine site and all receiving environment water quality. The model results have been used as part of the mine planning/design process but are also intended to be used for the environmental impact assessment and permitting process. The model has been built to allow for changes to input terms to be readily made as additional data becomes available. The model results serve as a prediction of water quality and the potential project impacts to the receiving environment water quality. This paper presents the process by which data from a wide variety of sources was used to construct the model and how the model results were used to guide development of a conceptual water management plan. In addition, the role of the model in establishing proposed discharge criteria will be highlighted. The model has been delivered as a fully functional application with the intent that the end-user can be other than the modeller, the development of this aspect shall also be covered. CITATION:Fitzpatrick, A, 2012. Predictive site-wide water quality modelling as a tool for mine planning and permitting - A recent Canadian example, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2012 , pp 71-78 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 10, 2012

A mining operation can be identified as demonstrating prudent management when a number of vital characteristics are evident.All risks and opportunities that are critical to the on-going success of the operation have been identified and are being effectively managed. All significant tasks and events are plan driven. All levels of management visibly support the policies of the operation through their attitude, behaviour and actions as well as words. Supporting evidence for required activity and the outcomes is readily available. Improvement mechanisms are working to advance the key business processes. Everyone is working towards satisfying the needs of the stakeholders of the operation. When these characteristics are integrated with the satisfaction of all legislative requirements, all industry codes and optionally all relevant international management system standards then an operation is fulfilling all the requirements of a Due Diligence Process. The majority of mining operations do not show all of these characteristics and therefore unnecessarily suffer from missed profit opportunity and constant cost pressure, less than acceptable safety and health and environmental performance and consequent poor relations with employees, unions and regulators. In these operations the characteristics to be observed are quite different.Serious incidents are occurring with no sign of a rate decrease. The operation lurches from one panic ituation to another. Management are absent in their leadership, but very active in developing rules and enforcement methodologies. The operation has no history. Re-inventing the wheel with employees who come and go at an alarming rate seems to be forever occurring. All efforts are directed at controlling the business outputs with a strong emphasis on blame. Everyone is trying to look busy to avoid the ever-present cost reduction threats. To change to more prudent management utilising a Due Diligence Process is not theoretically difficult. However it does take clear direction, focussed efforts, supporting actions with appropriate tools and perhaps most importantly an internal desire and drive to become such an operation. A Due Diligence Process is about doing the important things that have to be done, providing the understanding of why they are important, demonstrating proof of activity and effectiveness, and leading the way through effective management.

Jan 1, 1998

By O Jones

Longstanding occupational health challenges of the underground hard-rock mining sector require both an analysis of historical data to assess evidence of linkages between the source of the problem and subsequent illnesses, as well as investigating the means by which health risks to workers can be eliminated or minimised. This paper refers briefly to a recently established National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) sponsored Epidemiological Study into the incidence of Lung Cancer, contracted by mineworkers in Western Australia (WA) due to the inhalation of diesel exhaust fumes from 1996 to 2012. Thereafter it reviews current knowledge of the nature of the challenges facing those responsible for the health and wellbeing of underground hard-rock miners in WA, commencing with the recent categorisation of diesel exhaust as ‘Carcinogenic to Humans, Group 1’, by the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). An attempt is also made to explore how the challenge has changed with the adoption of more advanced engine technologies, including the increased generation of ultra-fine volatile organic and other nucleates, submicron carbonaceous agglomerates and toxic gases.The compounding effect of using the mine decline access entry as both the primary ventilation intake and haulage-way is also discussed, as is the need to develop a more appropriate metric for regulating diesel engine emissions. Finally the paper refers to ongoing in-mine research pursued by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) at its Diesel Laboratory in an underground limestone mine near Morgantown in the USA.CITATION:Jones, O, 2015. Diesel exhaust and the underground miner in Western Australia, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference, pp 167–172 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 31, 2015

By Armstrong A

Queensland is Australia's second largest mining state with world-class deposits of coal, base metals, bauxite and magnesite. The total value of Queensland's mining production is about $5 billion per annum, and coal accounts for around 55 per cent of that total. The environmental issues which arise as part of management and regulation of the industry are resolved within the EMOS process. The Environmental Management Overview Strategy is the cornerstone of the policy 'Environmental Management for Mining in Queensland' developed jointly by the Queensland Department of Minerals and Energy and the mining industry. The Gordonstone Coal Mine is the largest underground mine to gain approval under the new policy. Accordingly, Gordonstone has a well planned environmental management program which takes into account site-specific factors and provides for continuous compliance with the provisions of the Mineral Resources Act in a self-regulatory context.

Jan 1, 1994

By Pound J. R

THIS mine, which is the property of the S. and M. Syndicate, London, is located at Moina, in North-West Tasmania, 18 miles from Stavertorr railway station and 36 miles from Devonport. There are metalled roads from both of these places, and, althoughhilly, these are good for team or motor traffic. Mails and passengers are provided for by a tri-weekly coach service from Sheffield, a railway town, distant 23 miles. The Moina mining field is situated on a main spur between the Forth and Iris Rivers, andat an elevation ranging from about 500 ft. above sea-level at the Forth River to 2400 ft. at the All Nations mine. The elevation at the mine office of the S. and M. mine is 1900 ft. The average annual rainfall, as recorded for the past eight years, is. 68 in.This inclildes, however, a couple of years during which the rainfall was much above normal, and taken over a longer period 60 in. would be nearer the average.

Jan 1, 1919

The history of the industry which recovers rutile and zircon from the heavy mineral beach sand deposits of Eastern Australia began with the initial discovery of zircon in 1895. Whereas a large number of small companies operated during the rutile boom of 1955-57, the industry is now controlled by a few large groups.Mining is mainly by suction dredging. Metallurgical practice is a two-stage process in which a bulk concentrate of heavy minerals, recovered by gravity methods, is separated into its constituent minerals by processes based mainly on surface, electrical, and magnetic properties.Various separating devices using these principles have been developed in the industry and combined in various ways in the operating plants.There is scope for future metallurgical developments.INTRODUCTIONThe existence of deposits of heavy minerals ("black sands") on the northern coast of New South Wales has been known for at least 90 years. The earliest metallurgical operations aimed at the recovery of gold, platinum, tin and monazite. Mainly because of the low grade of these deposits with respect to these minerals, but also due to metallurgical difficulties, such operations were abandoned by about 1895 (Whitworth, 1959). The presence of zircon was recorded quite early (Carne, 1895) but Raggatt (1925) appears to have been the first to report the presence of rutile.The economic exploitation of the deposits was initiated in 1928 when D. H. Newland, State Geologist of New York, made an examination on behalf of The Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Company of America. Developments were then delayed by the world-wide depression, and the first commercial separation of the heavy minerals was made at Byron Bay in 1934 by Zircon Rutile Ltd. using a froth...

Jan 1, 1963

By G du Toit, P L. Gillot, M Swanepoel

Randgold Resources’ Loulo-Gounkoto Complex is one of the largest gold mining operations in Mali, West Africa. The mine, which is situated on the western border with Senegal, treats more than 4 Mt/a of ore through a conventional three-stage crushing and ball milling circuit followed by a carbon-in-leach plant. Ore supply is achieved by a combination of open pit and underground mining, with the majority of the ore supply sourced from the Gara and Yalea underground mines situated approximately 2 km and 6 km respectively from the gold plant.In 2011, Randgold Resources commissioned Golder Associates to perform an evaluation study for providing structural backfill to both the Gara and Yalea underground mines using the current gold plant tailings. The test work performed as part of the evaluation study concluded the need for a tailings cycloning and dewatering facility capable of producing slurry at a solids concentration of 65 per cent with a particle size distribution that had minimum 25 per cent passing 20 µm and less than 5 per cent of -5 µm material. Tailings desliming was required to ensure a consistent feed quality to the paste preparation plants and to ensure that the system would be capable of handling variation in the feed composition from the gold plant.WorleyParsons, previously TWP Projects, was contracted by Randgold Resources to complete the engineering design for the slurry preparation plant, whilst Golder Associates was retained to complete the engineering design of the two paste preparation plants.This paper discusses the test work, design considerations and engineering design of the slurry preparation plant, termed the ‘intermediate plant’, as well as all ancillary facilities required for the delivery of the deslimed slurry to the paste preparation plants located at the two underground mines.CITATION:Swanepoel, M, du Toit, G and Gillot, P L, 2014. Case study – engineering design for a slurry preparation plant for a paste application in West Africa, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 477–486 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014

By V Rasouli, G Cavanough, A Mokaramian

The sampling time, the costs and its quality are the three factors that determine the best method of drilling in mineral exploration. The two principal methods of reverse circulation (RC) and diamond core drilling are often used in combination by mine operators. RC is used for drilling shallow holes and in-pit grade control, and core drilling for deeper holes to identify future resources. The RC method is faster and more flexible than coring and provides virtually uncontaminated cuttings (ranges from dust to 25 mm chips) to the surface cyclone suitable for geochemical anomalies. The diamond coring produces core samples to increase the level of geological knowledge and the 3D extension and distribution of the orebody. However, both of these methods are subjected to certain limitations and inefficiencies in reaching deeper depths and drilling complex hole geometries. Examples of such shortcomings include the inability to provide enough air pressure for RC drilling and high friction between drill pipe and the hole wall in diamond core drilling.Considering that delivering large volume of reliable samples from deep zones to the surface in shortest possible time is of paramount importance in mineral exploration, and assuming that obtaining core samples over whole overburden is not always essential, then drilling small size holes as fast as possible and delivering the small chip samples to the surface would be a good alternative with several advantages over conventional drilling methods for deep hard rocks mineral exploration. As a result, the use of coiled tube (CT) drilling technology has been proposed recently for such applications. CT is a continuous length of ductile steel or composite tube stored and transported on a large reel; and allows fast drilling by eliminating the connection time and providing continuous circulation during drilling. This enables quick access to the zone of interest to collect the cuttings or obtain core samples. CT is advantageous particularly in drilling directional boreholes and multi-laterals. In this paper, feasibility of using CT delivering reliable samples is discussed for deep mineral exploration. In addition, recent developments and practices are presented that make CT a reliable drilling technology to drill cheaper, faster and deeper and to deliver more continuous and reliable data and samples from deep formations.CITATION:Mokaramian, A, Rasouli, V and Cavanough, G, 2012. Quality sampling using coiled tubing drilling in deep mineral exploration, in Proceedings Sampling 2012 , pp 73-80 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 21, 2012