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By G. M. BUTLER

TWENTY-ONE of the states in the Union, the Territory of Hawaii, and seven provinces of Canada now have in operation laws requiring that professional engineers be registered or licensed. In addition, two states require that civil engineers be registered, and one other state demands registration of structural engineers. Moreover, nearly every year sees additions made to the list. The registration movement, fostered by the American Association of Engineers, now has the powerful, energetic backing of the An1,erican Society of Civil Engineers, which is itself now fostering registration legislation, and there is a strong sentiment in favor of registration in the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Only in the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers is anti-registration sentiment, strongly dominant, but many members of this organization are enthusiastic advocates of registration.

Jan 1, 1930

By Robert H. Richards

OF the several professions-the chemist, the civil engineer, the mining engineer, the mechanical engineer-the courses of instruction, as arranged at the scientific schools, differ considerably as to the amount of practical information which the student is able to gain. The analytical chemist has facility for a very thorough review of the processes which he will be called upon to perform. The student in civil engineering by his field practice learns the use of his tools and the art of taking field-notes. The mechanical engineering student is in the vicinity of machine-shops, which he can visit, and at which he can work. The student in mining engineering has no such advantages. The mines are at a distance, and the railroad fare to get to them is oftentimes an insuperable difficulty. The aim of these laboratories is essentially to give to the student in mining and metallurgy a chance to study on a small scale the practical parts of his profession. We cannot, in a small laboratory, build a mine to timber, to work, and to survey; we cannot make artificial quicksands and other impediments to mining. In short, we cannot study exploration; but we can study the mechanical preparation and the subsequent smelting of ores. Before presenting the plan of these laboratories it may be interesting to indicate the progress of the idea from its beginning. During the summer of 1870 President Runkle visited the mines of Colorado, and while there, conceived the idea of making an expedition with the mining students to some of the Western mining regions. He talked over the scheme with many railroad and mining men, and everywhere received encouragement. In the summer of 1871 the Institute party visited the mines of Colorado, and spent six weeks in taking notes of them. President Runkle here conceived the idea of building up a mining and metallurgical laboratory ; and by the aid of Booth & Co. of San Francisco, a stamp-mill was obtained, with the Washoe silver-working apparatus. During the year

Jan 1, 1873

Jan 1, 1926

By Robert D. Longyear

IN MOST diamond core drilling the primary objective is the recovery of samples to be used for chemical analysis, physical tests, or visual inspection. Unless these samples are reliable and the information systematically recorded, the time and money spent in securing them are largely wasted. A properly taken diamond-drill sample is similar to a properly moiled channel sample but more accurate. No channel sample can be moiled in as even a groove as the smooth cylinder of material normally removed in diamond drilling. More important still, sampling by the diamond drill practically eliminates that personal equation which Jora1emon4 reference numbers apply to publications listed in the bibliography at the end of this article) has aptly termed "the almost magnetic attraction of the most conscientious hand toward rich pieces of ore."

Jan 1, 1937

By William A. Longacre

In a previous paper the author discussed the problem described by the title of this paper, outlining and reviewing the Gish-Rooney method, with comparison and brief analysis of the interpretation techniques of Roman2 and Tagg.3 Some aspects of the simple type of two-layer system were reviewed from various sources.4, 5, 6 The Two-layer Problem For the configuration shown in Fig. I, and for any electrode separation A, the SurfAce of earth p, DepthH i P2 Infinite depth Fig. i.—Two-Layer system. apparent resistivity is a function of the relative depth the overburden resistivity pl, and a factor K defined by the equation P2 + P1 where p, is the resistivity of the lower bed. Thus, by the known theory of electrical images, p = pi [1+ */(*-7)] where The Multilayer Problem As the number of isotropic, homogeneous, horizontal layers increases, the difficulties of interpretation multiply. The theory becomes much more involved, and in view of the state of our knowledge, the general problem is virtually impossible of exact solution. However, certain types of multilayer problems can be worked out in terms of two-layer theory. Humme1,7 Pirson,8 Tagg,3 Watson,9 and others have pointed out the possibility of building up approximations of multilayer resistivity curves with suitable combinations of two-layer curves. Many three-layer curves can be constructed in this way to a good degree of accuracy, and special types of four-layer curves can be approximated. It is very likely that as the number of layers increases, the method of combination will not give good approximations except in very special cases. In the analysis of actual field data, the author has found that many obviously multilayer curves can be solved partially with a good degree of accuracy, using the theory that thin adjacent beds may be considered as one layer or zone, and applying two-layer theory to the extremities of the field curve. Modified Tagg Method of Interpretation Tagg's second method, though superior to his first, necessitates a large number

Jan 1, 1946

By William A. Longacre

In a previous paper the author discussed the problem described by the title of this paper, outlining and reviewing the Gish-Rooney method, with comparison and brief analysis of the interpretation techniques of Roman2 and Tagg.3 Some aspects of the simple type of two-layer system were reviewed from various sources.4, 5, 6 The Two-layer Problem For the configuration shown in Fig. I, and for any electrode separation A, the SurfAce of earth p, DepthH i P2 Infinite depth Fig. i.—Two-Layer system. apparent resistivity is a function of the relative depth the overburden resistivity pl, and a factor K defined by the equation P2 + P1 where p, is the resistivity of the lower bed. Thus, by the known theory of electrical images, p = pi [1+ */(*-7)] where The Multilayer Problem As the number of isotropic, homogeneous, horizontal layers increases, the difficulties of interpretation multiply. The theory becomes much more involved, and in view of the state of our knowledge, the general problem is virtually impossible of exact solution. However, certain types of multilayer problems can be worked out in terms of two-layer theory. Humme1,7 Pirson,8 Tagg,3 Watson,9 and others have pointed out the possibility of building up approximations of multilayer resistivity curves with suitable combinations of two-layer curves. Many three-layer curves can be constructed in this way to a good degree of accuracy, and special types of four-layer curves can be approximated. It is very likely that as the number of layers increases, the method of combination will not give good approximations except in very special cases. In the analysis of actual field data, the author has found that many obviously multilayer curves can be solved partially with a good degree of accuracy, using the theory that thin adjacent beds may be considered as one layer or zone, and applying two-layer theory to the extremities of the field curve. Modified Tagg Method of Interpretation Tagg's second method, though superior to his first, necessitates a large number

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME AIME

THE annual meeting of the Woman's Auxiliary to the A.I. M.E. is always held in New York, in con- junction with the annual meeting of the Institute in February. Business sessions, teas, dances, a theater party, luncheons, excursions, and many other interesting activities filled the four days to overflowing. In all ,216 women were present, from all parts of the United ,/ mates, and there were several from Canada. On Mon- ' day not only the visitors, but the New York members also, gathered around the registration desks, where Mrs. E. N. Wolfes, Mrs. S. J. Jennings, and Miss Georgene Davis saw that everyone was properly registered and provided with tickets to whatever functions she desired to attend. Greetings were eagerly ex- changed as friends met at the luncheon on the fifth floor, where the hostesses of the day were Mrs. J. D. Handy, Mrs. T. T. Read, Mrs. Sidney Rolle and Mrs. H. J. Wolf. In the afternoon, there were visits to art galleries and other interesting exhibits, arranged by Mrs. Frederick Laist. Mrs. W. H. Bassett was the hostess at a very delightful Thé damant at the Italian Gardens of the Ambassador Hotel. Many of the men attended this function also. In the evening the visiting ladies were entertained at a theater party, with Mrs. Wilbur Judson as hostess. The play that was seen was Gorki's "At. the Bottom."

Jan 1, 1930

By P. W. George

This paper presents geological data regarding deposits of over 7,500,000 tons of fine-grained sulphide ore in barite gangue. A series of pyroclastics and arkoses was intruded by sills of quartz porphyry in connection with batholithic intrusions of granite 3 miles from Buchans. Gentle folding, with fracturing and shearing of tuff beds and intruded quartz porphyry, accompanied and followed the intrusion of granite and porphyry. The sulphide-barite mineralization is localized primarily in fractured and sheared tuff beds, but also in the sheared quartz porphyry. Two structures have proved particularly favorable for mineralization-one, the center of an anticline; the other, a series of weak, incompetent tuff beds intruded by thin sills of quartz porphyry and located between strong beds of arkose. During the folding the weak tuff with intruded quartz porphyry was intensely sheared and contorted and subsequently mineralized by sulphides and barite. INTRODUCTION Buchans is 5 miles north of Red Indian Lake, in Central Newfound- land, at an elevation of 900 ft. above sea level and 400 ft. above Red Indian Lake, and is reached by a 37-mile private railway from Miller- town Junction. The first ore body found at Buchans was discovered some 30 years ago in the bed of Buchans River, by Matty Mitchell, an Indian woodsman employed by the Anglo-Newfoundland Development Co. Ltd. In the years following the discovery the ore was developed by shaft-sinking and drifting, with results indicating a lenticular ore body in a shear zone, containing about 100,000 tons of extremely fine-grained sulphide ore in barite gangue averaging about 0.05 oz. Au, 4 oz. Ag, 1.5 per cent Ch, 10 per cent Pb, 18 per cent Zn. Because a profitable metallurgical treatment for the ore was not found, the mine was closed down in 1911. In 1915, Mr. H. A. Guess, Vice President of the American Smelting & Refining Co., learned of the Buchans River ore body, and after metallurgical tests had been carried on from time to time in his company's testing plant a satisfactory separation of the sulphides by selective flotation was finally effected in 1925. Prospecting for additional ore bodies was begun in 1926, utilizing geophysical methods under the direction of Hans Lund-

Jan 1, 1937

By Garland R. Dever, Preston McGrain, George W. Ellsworth

Abstract-Limestone resources for industrial, constructional, and agricultural uses occur on the surface and at minable depths in several areas along the Ohio River and its navigable tributaries in Kentucky. High calcium and high carbonate limestones suitable for use in cement and lime production, steel manufacture, environment control measures, and other special uses are present in the High Bridge Group (Ordovician) and Warsaw and Ste. Genevieve Limestones (Mississippian). Deposits with thicknesses of 7.3 to 20.7 m, (24 to 68 feet) have been documented by the analysis of samples taken at 0.3-m (1- ft) intervals. Active and potential mine and quarry sites afford access to water transporation and proximity to a number of industrial and metropolitan centers. Geologic factors affecting the distribution of deposits include the Cincinnati arch, regional dip into the Appalachian and Eastern Interior basins, complex faulting in and near the western Kentucky Fluorspar mining district, and late Paleozoic, erosional unconformities in northeastern Kentucky.

Jan 4, 1978

By Garland R. Dever, Preston McGrain, George W. Ellsworth

Limestone resources for industrial, constructional, and agricultural uses occur on the surface and at minable depths in several areas along the Ohio River and its navigable tributaries in Kentucky. High calcium and high carbonate limestones suitable for use in cement and lime production, steel manufacture, environmental control measures, and other special uses are present in the High Bridge Group (Ordovician) and Warsaw and Ste. Genevieve Limestones (Mississippian). Deposits with thicknesses of 7.3 to 20.7 m,(24 to 68 feet) have been documented by the analysis of samples taken at 0.3-m (1ft) intervals. Active and potential mine and quarry sites afford access to water transporation and proximity to a number of industrial and metropolitan centers. Geologic factors affecting the distribution of deposits include the Cincinnati arch, regional dip into the Appalachian and Eastern Interior basins, complex faulting in and near the western Kentucky fluorspar mining district, and late Paleozoic erosional unconformities in northeastern Kentucky.

Jan 1, 1979

By Charles M. Stone, Dale S. Preece

Introduction The Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) is a national program dedicated to storage of large quantities of crude oil in leached salt caverns in the Texas-Louisiana gulf coast area. The program has required storage in existing caverns at each site and includes plans to leach new ones. The structural stability of each cavern depends on the behavior of the surrounding salt. In the past cavern stability has been predicted based on experience with other caverns in the vicinity. With the development of good non-linear finite element structural computer programs, it is possible to predict stability before the cavern is created. An important step in verifying the applicability of these predictive methods is comparison of analytical and field data. The analytical data come from finite element analyses of a specific cavern where the laboratory determined material properties and an approximation to the cavern geometry are used as input. These comparisons have been made for caverns in the Bayou Choctaw Dome (Louisiana) and Eminence Dome (Mississippi) with reasonably good correlation being obtained between measured and predicted volumetric response of the caverns. This paper discusses 1) the acquisition of material properties, 2) the finite element program SANCHO, and 3) the comparison of analytical and field data for each of the caverns.

Jan 1, 1982

By Nelson Severinghaus

Mineral fillers have been defined as inert materials that are included in a composition for some useful purpose. Because this definition and the scope of this review are not specific- indeed, exceptions abound-accurate total statistics are unavailable. One source estimates the total production in the United States in 1971 at 5 million tons valued at $200 million, averaging $40.00 per ton. Included are a broad group of minerals-asbestos, barite, bentonite, calcium carbonate, clays, diatomite, feldspar, micas, silica, talc. Additional references will be made to synthetic mineral-derived fillers such as aluminum hydrate, precipitated calcium carbonate, and pyrogenic and precipitated silicas and silicates. A section on related uses at the end of this chapter covers absorbents and filters. Mineral fillers can be included in compounds to accomplish a variety of final results. Hardness, brittleness, impact strength, compressive strength, softening point, fire resistance, surface smoothness, electrical conductivity, and a host of other physical characteristics may be modified by the inclusion of fillers. These effects are the result of properties of the fillers, including chemical activity, hardness, particle size, shape and distribution, surface structure, color, density, and refractive index. To facilitate an overview of the mineral filler industry, this chapter will review the general usage of fillers, the inherent characteristics that intensify their utilization, and similarly their manufactured characteristics. Major using industries will then be examined in detail. Specific information on deposits and processing for industrial minerals will be found in the appropriate commodity chapter. The chart in Table 1, updated from the 3rd edition of Industrial Rocks and Minerals, illustrates the major mineral fillers (both natural and manufactured) and their more important end uses.

Jan 1, 1975

By Thomas H. Leggett

The conditions surrounding this mine are, perhaps, not sufficiently rare or significant to warrant special attention. A certain interest, however, attaches to the locality through the recent discovery of fossil cycads made there by Mr. Charles M. Rolker, of New York, who has repeatedly visited this district, fixing the geological horizon

Jan 1, 1889

By J. L. Craig, C. L. Edwards, M. D. Harper, J. M. Ray

The Los Alamos National Laboratory executed 19 intermediate scale cratering experiments in oil shale at the Colony Mine in Garfield County, Colorado. These experiments have led to a better under- standing of fracture characteristics and fragmentation of & - oil shale by use of a conventional high explosive. Geologic site characterization included detailed mapping, coring, and sample analyses. Site-specific geology was observed to be a major influence on the resulting crater geometry. The joint patterns at the experimental site frequently defined the final crater symmetry. Secondary influences included vugs, lithology changes, and grade fluctuations in the local stratigraphy. Most experiments, in both the rib and floor, were conducted to obtain data to investigate the fragmentation results within the craters. The rubble was screened for fragment- size distributions. Geologic features in proximity to the explosive charge had minimal effect on the rubble due to the overpowering effect of the detonation. However, these same features became more influential on the fracture and rubble characteristics with greater distances from the shothole. Postshot cores revealed a direct relationship between the grade of the oil shale and its susceptibility to fracturing. The Colony Mine experiments have demonstrated the significant role of geology in high explosive/oil shale interaction. It is probable that this role will have to be considered for larger applications to blast patterns and potential problems in retort stability in the future of oil shale development.

Jan 1, 1983

By AIME AIME

PRESIDENT Edwin Ludlow and Secretary Bradley Stoughton made their first-trip of the year 1921 to visit Local Sections of the Institute, and talk over Institute interests and policies, during the early part of April. The main purpose of the trip, as usual, was to bring back to headquarters suggestions or comments on the Institute's work on the part of, members. The trip was made a brief, one by the necessity of remaining in New Fork until Apr. 1, and of the attendance of President Ludlow at a meeting of American Engineering Council and. the organization of a Philadelphia Section of the Institute in Philadelphia on Apr. 16.

Jan 1, 1921

By Frederick Laist

AFTER a series of experiments covering a period of about three years, ending from the spring of 19iJ.2 to the spring of 1915, a 2,000-ton leaching plant for the treatment of the accumulated copper concentrator tailing was built and put into operation. During the experimental period, the first step was that of laboratory experiments or beaker leaches. The results on this small scale were so satisfactory that a small operating plant, capable of handling 5 tons of roasted tailing per day, was installed. Again, the results proved satisfactory and an 80­ton plant was built and operated continuously from August until February, 1913. In this plant, full-sized roasting and leaching units were

Jan 8, 1916

By Robert H. Richards

OF the several professions-the chemist, the civil engineer, the mining engineer, the mechanical engineer-the courses of instruction, as arranged at the scientific schools, differ considerably as to the amount of practical information which the student is able to gain. The analytical chemist has facility for a very thorough review of the processes which he will be called upon to perform. The student in civil engineering by his field practical learns the use of his tools and the art of taking field-notes. The mechanical engineering student is in the vicinity of machine-shops, which he can visit, and at which . he can work. The student in mining engineering has no such advantages. The mines are at a distance, and the railroad fare to get to them is oftentimes an insuperable difficulty. The aim of these laboratories is essentially to give to the student in mining and metallurgy a chance to study on a small scale the practical parts of his profession. We cannot, in a small laboratory, build a mine to timber, to work, and to survey; we cannot make artificial quicksands and other impediments to mining. In short, we cannot study exploration; but we can study the mechanical preparation and the subsequent smelting of ores. Before presenting the plan of these laboratories it may be interesting to indicate the progress of the idea from its beginning. During the summer of 1870 President Runkle visited the mines of Colorado, and while there, conceived the idea of making an expedition with the mining students to some of the Western mining regions. He talked over the scheme with many railroad and mining men, and everywhere received encouragement. In the summer of 1871 the Institute party visited the mines of Colorado, and spent six weeks in taking notes of them. President Runkle here conceived the idea of building up a mining and metallurgical laboratory ; and by the aid of Booth & Co. of San Francisco, a stamp-mill was obtained, with the Washoe silver-working apparatus. During the year

By AIME AIME

The following report is published for the information of the members Meetings. Two meetings for the reading and discussion of papers, etc., have been held during the year 1906-namely, the Ninetieth meeting, held February 21st to 24th at Bethlehem, Pa., and the Ninety-first meeting, held July 24th to 27th in London, England, in connection with the meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute. The proceedings of these meetings, including descriptions of the entertainments and excursions connected therewith, have already been published and distributed to the members of the Institute; the Bethlehem meeting in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 9, May, 1906, pp. 497 to 508, and the London meeting in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 12, November, 1906, pp. 809 to 908. The proceedings of the London meeting were published separately and distributed among the many individuals and concerns whose cordial friendship and delightful hospitality contributed so largely to the success of the visits in London and environs and the excursions in England, Scotland and Germany. At the Bethlehem meeting, 37 papers and discussions were presented and the names of 198 members and guests were regis¬tered at the Institute headquarters ; this number, however, does not represent all who were present at the sessions and excur¬sions. At the London meeting, 26 papers and discussions were presented, not including 5 of the papers and discussions read before the Iron and Steel Institute at the joint session with the American Institute of Mining Engineers, which, by a mutual agreement between the Councils of the two Institutes, have been selected to be republished in the Bi-Monthly Bulletin and Transactions of the Institute. The number of members and guests of the two Institutes registered at the London headquarters was 908, and of this number 131 were from America. This list does not include the names of all who

Mar 1, 1907

By Charles Will Wright

Brief descriptions of the occurrence of the various deposits of strategic minerals then known in South America are published in "The Mineral Deposits of South America," by B. L. Miller and J. T. Singewald, 1919; in "Ores and Industry in South America," by H. F. Bain and T. T. Read, 1934; and in many publications on the individual countries. To give a gen.era1 idea of the situation today and possibilities for future output of strategic minerals in several of the countries, the following notes are offered. All tonnages are in metric units.

Jan 1, 1940

Sponsored by the Utah Section of AIME, the 1960 Annual Rocky Mountain Minerals Conference brought more than 500 members of the mineral industry to the conference rooms of the Newhouse Hotel in Salt Lake City during the period October 5 to October 7. Under the overall supervision of J. M. Ehrhorn, general chairman, and H. E. Wright, assistant general chairman, the Conference offered 14 papers of technical interest in four sessions during the first two days, and it culminated in the Exploration Symposium held on the morning of October 7. The opening session of the Conference, meeting on the morning of October 5, heard R. P. Work, utility engineer of the Mountain Fuel Supply Co., discuss the growth and economic factors related to the use of natural gas in Utah. In his paper entitled Natural Gas Market In Utah, Mr. Work emphasized the very good prospects of natural gas serving almost all parts of that state. He mentioned that recently the El Paso pipeline, built to serve the Pacific Northwest with gas from Texas, has permitted natural gas to be available to Eastern Utah, and a tentatively planned pipeline from Green River, Wyo. to Southern California will bring natural gas to the central and southeast areas of the state.

Jan 11, 1960