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By R. W. Raymond

(Pittsburg Meeting, March,1910.) THE Giroux Consolidated Mines Co. is equipping a five-compartment shaft at Kimberly, Nev., which will serve the Alpha mice. The depth of this shaft, January, 1910, is 963 ft., and of this depth 948 ft. was opened by raising, 15 ft. of sinking was done so that the bearers, collar-set, and three shaft-sets might be installed and concreted, and with this done it was possible to erect the necessary surface-equipment for resuming shaft-timbering on the completion of the raise. The arrangement of the shaft-timbering is shown in Fig. 1. At the 1,000-ft. level of the Alpha, and 750 ft. SW. from the Alpha shaft, a 14- by 18-ft. station was cut, and a 25-h-p. air-hoist *as installed. From here the raising commenced on July 5, 1909. The raise was cut approximately 13 by 21. ft. in area, and supported by timbering with square sets, illustrated in Fig. 2, which shows the division into four compartments. The end compartments, which were used as chutes, had the center girts heavier than in the others on account of the wear from falling rock. The chute-lining was braced by inserting 8- by 8-in. stiffeners parallel to and half way between successive caps. Similarly, the lagging on the wall sides of the cage-way and the compartment for pipes and ladder was stiffened with 4- by 6-in. timbers. In the pipe-and-ladder compartment the chute-stiffeners were reinforced with 8- by 8-in, struts, and as the cage-way was partitioned off by braced lining, there was practically no chance of rock entering the ladder-way in case a chute burst into the cage-way. Over the two center compartments the last two, sets were always bulkheaded with 8- by 12-in. timbers, shown in Fig. 3, and from the lower bulkhead the cage sheave-wheel was suspended. After a round of holes had been blasted and the loose

Jun 1, 1910

By F. S. Crawford

IRON and copper are mined in the Lake Superior district. The iron mines of the district have the best safety record for that industry in the country as a whole, while the copper mines of the district rank second in two of the four years recorded (Table 1). In Utah copper comes mainly from open-pit mines, which enables that state to lead easily in safety. All of the Michigan production comes from deep under-ground workings. About 60 per cent of the iron miners in St. Louis County, Minnesota, are employed at open-pit mines; this favorably affects the combined open-pit and underground accident-frequency rate, as this county pro-vides most of the Minnesota-mined iron ore. In Michigan, however, there are few open-pit mines, the bulk of the production coming from underground mines, while all of the Wisconsin production, just across the state line from Michigan, is from underground mines. In spite of the fact that fewer mines in Michigan use the safer open-pit method, the iron-mining industry of that state maintained a consistently low record from 1931 to 1934; however, it was many points behind its nearest com petitor, Minnesota, with its much greater production from open-pit mines.

Jan 1, 1939

By H. Merton Ruth

THE northern anthracite fields, although facing the same economic problems as the southern fields, are confronted with the additional problem of fast dwindling reserves of anthracite which can be conventionally and economically won. The mining of coal which remains in thin beds and the recovery of pillars from areas heretofore considered unrecoverable, either by reason of cost or surface restriction, pose problems of increasing importance to the economic life of the northern field operations. Successful approaches have been made to this problem and other work is being performed that holds promise. There exists in the northern anthracite field millions of tons of solid coal, the recovery of which has not been too successful due to the following inherent operating faults: inability to concentrate producing areas, the great quantities of rock to be cut and handled, lack of consideration of proper sequence and speed of second mining, and the continued use of the mine car as the basis of payment. A mining system that has successfully solved these major problems has been in operation in the Scranton area since 1944. Over 1% million tons have been produced from veins varying from 3 to 4% ft thick by this method, which is known as the multiple panel-triangular system-conveyor mining.

Jan 7, 1950

By J. C. Bayles

An obstacle to the more careful and satisfactory study of metals has been the difficulty in harmonizing the results of chemical and physical tests. These give us records of observations made from different and often widely separate points of view, and while it is true that they furnish bases for more or less accurate triangulations into the realm of speculation, it is doubtful if, with only the laboratory and the testing machine, our investigations would not move in parallel lines, leaving between them an unexplored field in which must probably be sought the information which shall connect the results of chemical and physical tests, and give to both a practical value which neither has yet been found to possess. The use of the microscope in the study of metals is not a new thing, but it is only lately that it has begun to attract the attention it merits or to show results of tangible value to the metallurgist. Among recent valuable contributions to the literature of this subject, I have been especially interested in the work of Mr. A. Martens, of

Jan 1, 1883

By A. B. Young

IT is the he object of this paper to describe a Cottrell treater that was placed in operation, in April, 1919, at the Tooele plant of the International Smelting Co., for the purpose of recovering solids from the gases from the McDougall roasting furnaces. Fundamentally, the treater is simply a flue containing rows of vertical plates, forming the grounded electrode, alternated with rows of small horizontal pipes, forming the negative electrode, with proper provision underneath for taking away collected dust. There are advantages in construction over the more cumbersome types, both the vertical-tube and the vertical-box, particularly in the elimination of heavy supporting columns and massive foundations, giving a much lower first cost. There are no right-angle turns to interfere with gas distribution; consequently there is greater efficiency, or, in other words, a greater volume of gas per minute can be effectively treated. Another advantage of the horizontal installation over the vertical is that the principle of the selective precipitation of the various components of the dust and fume as they pass along the electric field may be utilized. Since the treater has been placed in operation, the results have been quite satisfactory and, in many ways, particularly in regard to the volume of gas that may be treated, have greatly exceeded expectations.

Jan 8, 1920

By K. C. Gilbart, Edgar Stansfield

When plants decay in a peat bog the woody parts form a brown pasty mass, or peat muck, largely soluble in alkalis. This brown matter has been termed "ulmin." The same material, but commonly black in color, is found in coal, and there is evidence of the similarity between the material forming the main bulk of the coal and the bulk of the more recently decayed material in peat bogs. The more recent or low-rank coals, such as lignite, little removed from the peat stage, contain notable percentages of alkali-soluble ulmins, but the percentage decreases with increased degree of coalification and is negligible in bituminous or higher rank coals. The determination of the alkali-soluble ulmins in any coal gives, therefore, an indication of its degree of coalification or rank. Coals which contain few or no ulmins soluble in alkalis do contain ulmins which can be rendered soluble by oxidation. The higher the rank of the coal, the more difficult it is to oxidize the insoluble ulmins and make them soluble. High-rank coals can be differentiated by oxidation tests on the insoluble ulmins; but low-rank coals can be characterized by both their soluble and insoluble ulmins. This paper deals with the determination and significance of the alkali-soluble ulmins present as such in the coal. The chemical nature and composition of ulmins are not discussed. Review of Literature The history of the study of ulmin is well given by Stopes and Wheeler.' The action of potash on coal has long been known, as Braconnot in 1819 distinguished between lignites and bituminous coals by stating that the former gave colored solutions with potash. Later the intensity of color was used to give a fuller differentiation. Hoffman2 distinguished between lignites and lignitic coals by the darker color given by the

Jan 1, 1932

By Eric L. Christiansen

A dynamic simulation model for the iron blast furnace has been developed which predicts flow rates, compositions, and temperatures of the top gas, slag, and hot metal exit streams as a function of time from specification of the time-dependent tuyere inputs and raw material charges. As a matter of convenience, a previously developed steady- state model is employed to fix furnace-dependent parameters. It also provides initial conditions for the internal states of the furnace for subsequent dynamic solution of the simultaneous differential equations which describe the local rates of chemical reaction, heat transfer, and mass transfer in the stack, bosh, combustion zone, and hearth of the furnace. The dynamic model was tested by a demonstration of its ability to relax to steady-state representations of the time-averaged data from two separate industrial blast furnaces and of its ability to follow eight days of time-dependent operating data for one of them. Simulated responses to step changes in tuyere input and burden variables have been shown to be of the correct magnitude and duration. Although complex functions of many variables, a proper description of these responses is needed for the development of optimization and control strategies . The model correctly predicts the non-minimum-phase type dynamic response observed in real furnaces in which the output variables proceed through local minima or maxima, often including inverse responses (i.e., opposite signs from their final steady-state values ) .

Jan 1, 1984

Hunkered up against the spine of the Andes in a tight valley where natural refuge from avalanche hardly exists is the daring Rio Blanco project of Cerro Corp. The deposit here was found in 1904, but nature has foiled all previous attempts to open it. To an experienced mountaineer or a highway engineer with mountain experience, the avalanche hazard in the valley of the Blanco river would be immediately apparent. The collar shaft is at the head of the valley at an elevation of 3600 m and for 12 km down the valley there is no space on the floor for building very much; the dissected rock walls are roadways for avalanches and even a highway could not be maintained sufficiently passable. This is the proposition taken on by the Cerro Corp. Chilean National Decree #1699, passed on December 9, 1966, signified "Go" to the Compania Minera Andina, a company whose shares are held 70% by the Cerro Corp. and 30% by the government of Chile. The orebody, although only partially delineated, contains proven reserves of 120 million tons of ore averaging 1.58% Cu. When the operation comes on stream in the last quarter of 1970, it will be at the rate of 11,000 tpd. Annual production will be 65,000 tpy of recoverable copper in concentrates.

Jan 11, 1969

This brief resume of the events transpiring in Mexico, culled from the daily New York newspapers since the last Bulletin went to press, does not show any degree of improvement in the situation. U. S. WITHDRAWS ARMY FROM MEXICO The American invasion of Mexico lasted less than 24 hours. The troops which crossed the Rio Grande June 15 to put a stop to the firing that was causing death and injury in El Paso were back in their billets on the American side of the border the next night. They had broken up the battle between Villa rebels and the Carranza garrison and driven the rebel forces headlong out of Juarez and into the hills. The Carranza Consul, Garcia, and Gen. Francisco Gonzales are reported by American officials to be pessimistic, if not indignant, at the swift reprisals made by the Americans against the stray shots which were falling in El Paso during the Villa attack on Juarez. In announcing his action in ordering Americans into Mexico Brigadier General Erwin in a formal statement said he had done-so to prevent the indiscriminate firing into El Paso by rebel soldiers, endangering the lives of Americans. "But on no account were they to undertake an invasion into Mexico," continued the statement. Americans with interests in the vicinity of Chihuahua are alarmed lest Villa, smarting under the defeat administered his troops by the American forces, should make a campaign of destruction. General Candido Aguilar, President Carranza's confidential ambassador to the United States, issued to the press, on June 17, a formal statement that "the government and people of Mexico consider as a violation of Mexican sovereignty the crossing of United States soldiers into Mexican territory" and expressing the hope ?that the situation created by the latest occurrences in Juarez will be satisfactorily adjusted between the two countries." Discussion of Mexican affairs was evoked in both houses of Congress by the crossing of the Rio Grande by American troops.

Jan 8, 1919

By L. D. Godshall

A great deal has been written of late regarding the loss of silver in assaying; very discordant results have been published by different writers, and much uncertainty exists concerning even approximate losses in a careful determination of silver, as represented by a fire-assay. In the present paper it has been the aim of the writer to determine as accurately as possible the losses sustained by silver, under certain specified conditions, during the process of cupellation. Such losses are well known to be due to absorption by the cupel and volatilization. The conditions, however, which govern these losses are not believed by the writer to be so well understood. The most important of these are : 1. The effect of variable quantities of silver used. 2. The temperature of cupellation. 3. The character and quantity of impurities in the lead button. 4. The weight of the lead button. 5. The nature of the cupel. The following experiments were made for the purpose of demonstrating, as nearly as possible, the total loss of silver in cupellation under the most favorable conditions to be obtained in commercial assaying. Chemically pure silver and pure lead were taken. The latter was obtained from test-lead, first melted into a bar, from which pieces of the desired weight were cut and accurately weighed. The experiments recorded in this paper were planned by the writer, but executed throughout by Mr. J. N. Walker, whose ability as an accurate, careful and painstaking assayer is too well known and recognized throughout the West to require any further endorsement from me.

Jan 1, 1897

By John Carter Anderson

The theory of a zonal deposition of ores from ascending solutions which were differentiation products of a cooling magma, first propounded by Spurr,l in a measure explained by Lindgren,2 and recently re-emphasized by kemp,3 while perhaps accepted in principle by many mining geologists, so far has not been accepted as capable of practical application in the study and development of ore deposits. From his observations, the writer is convinced that there are laws governing the primary deposition of ores which, when properly worked out, will be of greatest economic value; and that the application of this knowledge to the development of new mines will mark an advance in the mining industry similar to that following the working out and application of the theory of secondary enriehiment. That there has been a tendency to a zonal distribution in the formation of ore deposits, by which the ores of one metal have been precipitated from tile mincralizing solutiolis at a greater distance from the source than those of another, cannot be disputed; and the nature of this zoning in a given deposit or district has been frequently described.4 But that a selection precipitation of the ores of two or more metals, other than lead and zinc, in successive zones may have taken place in a single deposit within limits economically possible of exploration is not generally recognized or admitted.

Jan 1, 1923

By Richard V. Ageton

Salt bodies in the form of rolls, horses (sometimes called horsebacks), folds, wants and pinches1 have been encountered while driving entries and mining out rooms during the development of the potash mines in New Mexico. Superficially these sporadic salt occurrences appear to be much alike, but closer examination reveals individual characteristics, and after four years of observation it seems possible to divide them into three general groups that may tentatively be called "depositional," "erosional," and "structural." The data collected are not yet sufficient to permit forecasts of their probable location, so that the annoyance of having to mine salt instead of potash could be avoided or lessened. However, the information so far available appears to throw some light on the occurrence of the sylvite2 bed now being mined, and it is as a progress report that the writer presents the results of his observations. The mines of the United States Potash Co. and the Potash Company of America are about 20 miles northeast of Carlsbad, in Eddy County, N. M. They are on the southwestern flank of the Permian salt basin, which underlies western Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, south-central Nebraska, southeastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico. The cuttings from many oil wells and the cores from the potash tests drilled in this basin indicate that this salt series approached its greatest thickness (about 4000 ft.) in the southeastern part of New Mexico and the adjoining portions of Texas, and that the most advanced stages of

Jan 1, 1938

By E. G. Leonardon

THE first to appreciate and foresee the value of applying electrical measurements to structural studies was Prof. Conrad Schlumberger, Professor of Physics at the School of Mines in Paris. One of his earliest practical undertakings in this line was carried out, in the field, at Fierville-la-Campagne, Normandy, in 1912. His book, published in 1920,1 still stands as an authoritative, fundamental treatise on the use of the electric current in geological studies, in spite of the rapid evolution of geophysics during the last seven years. A remarkable feature of this book is that, even then, it stressed the role of electricity in structural investigations and made public the first successful results obtained therewith. Stratigraphic studies have been pursued continuously by Conrad Schlumberger and his associates since 1912, the only interruption being the World War. The results attained demonstrate the wide possibilities of electrical exploration in structural work. This field of activity is, at the least, as varied and valuable as the search for ore. It is curious that until very recently it has so slightly attracted the attention of geophysicists and geologists on this continent. The purpose of this paper is to present briefly some examples of the practical application of the potential methods to geological studies. These examples are chosen from a number of problems solved in the field by our firm, in the course of its consulting practice. Certain fundamental points are briefly stated before the field operations and interpretations are described.

Jan 1, 1928

By Roshan B. Bhappu

Selenium is found most frequently as an accessory mineral in the ores of lead, copper, and nickel, and is recoverable as a byproduct in the treatment of many of the ores of these metals. The geographic distribution of the selenium industry closely follows that of electrolytic copper, with the United States and Canada producing approximately 75% of the total output of the non-communist world. This situation is problem number one for selenium-its dependence upon the electrolytic refining of copper- for this byproduct source is not sufficiently flexible to permit a normal supply-demand balance. Furthermore, selenium has become a strategic material in short supply. Thus, new sources are being sought by both government and private interests. Although considerable attention has been given to this effort during the last few years, hardly any research has been published concerning the recovery of small amounts of selenium present in low-grade deposits. In such ores the metal occurs as native selenium or as selenides of iron, copper, silver, lead, and bismuth. In recent years, some native selenium (in both the gray and red form) and selenides, especially iron selenide (ferroselite), reportedly have been found in the sandstones of the Morrison formation near Grants. New Mexico. Similar occurrences have been reported in the Hagan coal basin, in Sandoval County, New Mexico. Samples from New Mexico ores have contained from a trace amount to as high as 0.425% Se. Some of the samples from uranium mines in the Grants area represent mixed ore and mill feed fur uranium reduction plants. In such cases, the selenium usually is reported as an impurity and is lost in the tailings. At present, no attempt is made to recover this waste metal.

Jan 8, 1962

By A. G. Taylor, H. P. Ehrlinger, U. C. Tainton

FOR the last 15 years lead has been the standard material for anodes in electrolytic zinc production and it has been generally accepted that this lead should be as free as possible from impurities. Laistl says, "Next in importance to the purity of solution is the purity of the electrodes and tank lining material. The purest lead obtainable should be used for anodes." The same conclusion is expressed by Ingalls2 and by two German investigators who say that experiments have demonstrated that the purer the lead, the greater is its resistance to corrosion during electrolysis.3 Pure lead, however, while the best material hitherto available for anodes, is not entirely free from objection. The plain lead anode gradually disintegrates under electrolysis, so that the life of an anode, say 1/4 in. thick, is frequently not more than two years. Part of the lead from the anode finds its way to the cathode, lowering the purity of the deposited zinc and decreasing the hydrogen overvoltage. The rest of the lead that comes from the disintegration of the anode goes into the manganese dioxide which is precipitated in the cells, rendering unsaleable what might otherwise be a valuable by-product. Yet a further disadvantage of plain lead anodes comes from their tendency to bend or buckle during electrolysis, as a result of intercrystalline oxidation. This makes it necessary to use a fairly aide spacing between anode and cathode to avoid short circuits, and thus leads to a higher power consurnption than would otherwise be necessary. The power consumption is also affected by the high decomposition voltage at a lead peroxide surface.

Jan 1, 1929

By Norman C. Britz, Mortimer P. Buck

THIS PAPER DEALS WITH the practices used at the Huntington, Nest Virginia works of The International Nickel Company, Inc., in hot and cold rolling nickel and high-nickel alloys. The practical metallurgical aspects are discussed and a brief description of equipment given. The alloys covered may he divided into three main groups. based on their major constituents: 1. Nickel alloys, 2. Nickel-copper alloys. 3. Nickel-chromium alloys. The nominal compositions of the various alloys which are produced in most common mill forms are given in Table 1. Nickel, a commercially pure grade of nickel containing about 0.05 pct carbon as' the chief alloying element, is produced in all common Mill forms. "L" Nickel is commercially pure nickel in which the carbon content is held as low as possible, usually less than 0.01 pct. This grade of nickel is used chiefly for spinning and for special high temperature applications where its low carbon content enhances its corrosion resistance. "D" Nickel contains 4.5 pct manganese to provide improved resistance to sulphur embrittlement at elevated temperatures. "Z" Nickel is an age hardening grade of nickel containing carbon, aluminum, and silicon as the age hardening elements. This alloy combines the cor-

Jan 1, 1948

Executive A. R. LEDOUX, Chairman GEORGE D. BARRON SIDNEY J. JENNINGS J. V. N. DORR J. E. JOHNSON, JR.¬ Membership J. E. JOHNSON, JR., Chairman KARL EILERS F. F. SHARPLESS R. M. RAYMOND LEWIS W. FRANCIS Finance J. V. N. DORR, Chairman CHARLES F. RAND J. V. W. REYNDERS Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,' Chairman ALEXANDER C. HUMPHREYS GEORGE C. STONE' JOHN H. JANEWAY BRADLEY STOUGHTON Papers and Publications BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Chairman

Jan 1, 1923

By Richard V. Ageton

Salt bodies in the form of rolls, horses (sometimes called horsebacks), folds, wants and pinches1 have been encountered while driving entries and mining out rooms during the development of the potash mines in New Mexico. Superficially these sporadic salt occurrences appear to be much alike, but closer examination reveals individual characteristics, and after four years of observation it seems possible to divide them into three general groups that may tentatively be called "depositional," "erosional," and "structural." The data collected are not yet sufficient to permit forecasts of their probable location, so that the annoyance of having to mine salt instead of potash could be avoided or lessened. However, the information so far available appears to throw some light on the occurrence of the sylvite2 bed now being mined, and it is as a progress report that the writer presents the results of his observations. The mines of the United States Potash Co. and the Potash Company of America are about 20 miles northeast of Carlsbad, in Eddy County, N. M. They are on the southwestern flank of the Permian salt basin, which underlies western Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, south-central Nebraska, southeastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico. The cuttings from many oil wells and the cores from the potash tests drilled in this basin indicate that this salt series approached its greatest thickness (about 4000 ft.) in the southeastern part of New Mexico and the adjoining portions of Texas, and that the most advanced stages of

Jan 1, 1938

By D. C. Anderson

Utah Construction & Mining Co.'s Lucky Mc mine is one of the major uranium producers in the United States. It is located near the geographic center of Wyoming in Fremont County. The climate is middle-latitude steppe, with an average annual precipitation amount of 10 in.; the temperature varies from 40º below zero to 100º above. The land surface is moundlike, rolling terrain, with sparse grass and sagebrush. The northern slopes of the higher ridges support a scattering of juniper and pi[n]ion growth. DISCOVERY The discovery was made by Neil E. McNeice, of Riverton, Wyo., on Sept. 13, 1953. After prospecting the area and staking a few claims, McNeice reported his findings to geologists of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), who immediately began preliminary studies of the numerous surface uranium exposures of the district. The discovery received widespread publicity, resulting in an intensive search for uranium throughout the region ; thousands of claims were staked. The AEC drilled several shallow holes near the discovery outcrop. Assays of cuttings from these holes confirmed the presence of a low-grade, oxidized uranium deposit. McNeice and his partner, L. A. Morfeld, tried to start a mining operation but were plagued by a lack of capital and technical know-how. They sought assistance from a Salt-Lake-City-based mining firm, the New Park Mining Co., engaged in underground base-metal mining in the Park City district of Utah. After a period of negotiations, New Park initiated activities that led to the forming of the original Lucky Mc Uranium Corp. The company started limited development drilling and mining operations in the summer of 1954, with the first ore production being shipped by truck to the Vitro mill in Salt Lake City. The mining

Jan 1, 1969

By C. W. Davis, R. S. Dean

AMONG naturally occurring inorganic compounds, magnetite has many unusual and interesting properties, and it is the purpose of this paper to call attention to these properties and review possible uses of magnetite that might be based on them; in other words, to see what uses may be found for magnetite as a physical rather than as a chemical entity, as a mineral rather than as an iron ore. The Mineral Physics Studies initiated in the Metallurgical Division of the U. S. Bureau of Mines a few years ago gathered together much information on mineral properties, and they are therefore the principal source of material for this paper. Magnetic Properties Of Magnetite And Possible Uses As A Magnetic Material Magnetite is unique among minerals for its great magnetic susceptibility, approximately one-third that of soft iron, and some magnetites are permanent magnets, or lodestones. The literature contains many measurements of magnetic properties of individual magnetite crystals, but no systematic survey of the effect of mechanical preparation and heat-treatment was available until the recent investigations of the Bureau of which included not only susceptibility but coercive force and remanence as well. For the purpose of orientation, Table 1 gives the magnetic properties of several samples of magnetite and of a few other substances3. This table indicates that when ordinary magnetite is powdered it decreases in susceptibility and increases in coercive force and remanence, approaching the properties of lodestone. The properties of lodestone are in fact probably due to the development of very large internal surface on fine grain size4.

Jan 1, 1937