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By John Jermain Porter

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) THE value of any particular ore, coke, or limestone, for iron-making, depends upon its effect, first, upon the quality or value of the resultant product; and second, upon the cost of smelting. The factors under the first head are the percentages of phosphorus, manganese, and other elements, which remain in the pig-iron ; while those under the second head are the percentages of iron, carbon, or lime, the slag-forming constituents, which must be fluxed, and any other ingredients which give rise to variations in cost of fuel and flux. The first of these criteria of value is perhaps not capable of being reduced to a general formula embracing all cases, since it must vary to a great extent with market-fluctuations. For example, Bessemer pig is worth sometimes more and sometimes less than foundry-pig ; and the premium paid for high manganese varies within wide limits. The second, or smelting-value, however, can be expressed numerically with a fair degree of accuracy; and it is with this phase of valuation that the present paper is concerned. The utility of a means of comparing numerically the relative smelting-values of different ores, cokes, and limestones, is self-evident, although it may not have importance in Northern practice, where materials are largely standardized. On the other hand, there are, especially in the South, many furnace-managers who must use a great variety of materials of widely varying grade; and it is with special reference to this district, and in connection with the efficiency-methods which I have elsewhere proposed,1 that the methods herein described were devised.

Mar 1, 1912

By Forest Mintz

Many oil and gas producers find it advantageous to borrow against the value of their hydrocarbon re- serves. This paper considers the requirements for a reserve based loan and the calculations that a bank would perform to arrive at a loan amount. Three of the most common loan structures, i.e. a term loan, a production payment, and a revolving credit/term loan will be discussed. A typical outline for each type of loan is presented. Finally, a comparison of major considerations in the three financing techniques is shown.

Jan 1, 1982

By T. A. Rickard

It has been stated, by Sir James M. Barrie, that "the man of science appears to be the only man who has something to say, just now-and the only man who does not know how to say it". The friendly jibe of the novelist contains enough exaggeration to make it humorous to the followers of Huxley and Spencer; but could any litterateur poke similar fun at the exponents of the avowedly utilitarian branches of science-the men of technology-without suggesting an unpleasant truth? Indeed the engineer does bungle language deplorably. He makes a fetish of efficiency, yet he shows no regard for the effective use of one of his most important tools-the pen; he believes devoutly in accuracy, yet he employs an instrument of precision as carelessly as a small boy handles a gun. This inconsistency may be due to causes such as were indicated by the Academic Senate when it undertook to explain the defective writing of the; students in this university.* The Senate suggested that the student is "constantly subjected by his environment to the unedifying influence of myriad examples of poor English", and that he is also affected by "a certain public prejudice against correctness of expression ". With these statements most of us will agree. Our local newspapers, for instance, tend to spoil the student's taste for good English; later in life, as an engineer, his daily contact with illiterate men inclines him to careless speech and slovenly writing. As

Jan 1, 1931

By Rudolf Gahl

SOME time ago the Detroit Copper Mining Co. had to decide the question whether it would pay to re-treat slime-tailings, and several machines were tested in order to ascertain the type of construction which would give the greatest saving. In previous tests on the ore of this company, several tables proved far inferior to the Frue vanner, and for this reason they did not receive any serious consideration. In the late tests, however, one table was found to surpass the vanner in the percentage of saving made. The Frue vanner used in these tests had been adjusted approximately to the slope which the slime-vanuers in the concentrator of the Detroit Copper Co. had at that time, about 2 in. between the inside of the wooden posts, or 0.272 in. per ft. It had not been determined, however, if this slope was the most economical one for treating the slime-feed in the mill, or for re-treating the tailings from the slime-vanners, and I was instructed to ascertain by test-runs, under different conditions, the best adjustments for the work to. be done. In order to determine if a change in the adjustments of the machines would improve the results, it seemed sufficient to continue running the tests between the vanner and the table before mentioned, keeping the feed and all other conditions the same, but. varying the adjustments of the vanner .from run to run. I employed a vanner-man of long experience to operate these machines, who expressed the opinion that a slope between 2 3/8 and 2.5 in. between the posts (0.323 and 0.340 in. per ft.) would give the best results. Some runs made this way gave a considerable improvement. While for a slope of 2 in. (0.272 in. per ft.) the saving had been only 40.5 per cent. of that of the table, it .was 49.2 per cent. for 2.5 in. (0.340 in. per ft.) slope. A decrease of

Sep 1, 1909

By Orville R. Lyons

THE Russellton preparation plant of Republic Steel Corp., located north of Pittsburgh, Pa., prepares 395x0-in. Thick-Freeport coal by means of a 13-ft 6-in. diam Chance cone and 16 No. 7 Deister tables. The plant feed ranges between 370 and 410 tons per hr, of which approximately 31 pct is 1/4xO-in. size, and the plant reject ranges between 14 and 16 pct of the feed.

Jan 6, 1953

By Open-Hearth Steel

I received a telegram yesterday from Mr. J. H. Nead saying that he regretted circumstances had come up which prevent his attending the meeting, but that arrangements have been made and Mr. T. S. Washburn, of Inland Steel, will act as the Co-Chairman in his stead. We are sorry, of course, that he cannot be here at this conference. We have, therefore, asked Mr. James J. Bowden, chief metallurgist of Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, to act as Chairman and Mr. Tom Washburn to act as Co-Chairman. I will turn the meeting over to these gentlemen at this time.

Jan 1, 1940

Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo Museum of Science, Humboldt Park, Buffalo, N Y. Of the many scientific bulletins issued by the Society only one of those now available is of particular interest in this directory. Vol 7 (1901), Bulletin 1, Guide to the geology and paleontology of Niagara Falls and vicinity, by A. W. Grabau, $1 unbound or $2 bound. The bulletins are distributed through the Research Librarian at the above address

Jan 1, 1933

[NUMERICAL CODE TO MAPS (Region Listed in Roman Numerals after Each Petroleum Section) 1 Alaska 2 Arizona 3 Black Hills 4 Boston 5 Carlsbad Potash 6 Central Appalachia 7 Chicago 8 Cleveland 9 Colorado 10 Columbia 11 Connecticut 12 Delta (VIII) 13 Detroit 14 East Texas (VI) 15 El Paso 16 Gulf Coast (VII) 17 Kansas (IX) 18 Lehigh Volley 19 Mid-Continent (IX) 20 Minnesota 21 Montana 22 Nevada 23 New York]

Jan 1, 1961

US 4,185,077 - In the recovery of uranium from a solution produced by leaching uranium ore, the leach liquor is contacted with a polymeric crosslinked vinyl benzyl chloride anion exchange resin and eluted with sulfuric acid to recover uranyl sulfate Such a resin is resistant to attrition and thermal degradation during elution. R.L. Albright, assigned to Rohm & Haas Co Jan. 22, 1980. 6 pp (423-7). Filed: 10-31-75 (627,829).

Jan 1, 1982

By HAROLD VINTON COES

THE motive for merging or consolidation today is conspicuously different from that actuating business men in the late eighties and early nine- ties. Then they combined to secure added productive capacity and to monopolize their respective industries with a view to exploiting the consumer. So flagrant were some of these cases that they brought about their own correctives via retaliation on the part of the public and the subsequent restrictive legislation and legal curbs. The objective of the present-day merger, writes W. R. Hill in Printers' Ink, December, 1927, is summarized as follows : "In the golden days when an industry was being cut to pieces, the prevailing cure was to combine. The reason for such trusts was to strangle competition and by creating a monopoly, dominate the market, raise prices, regardless of economic business methods, and simply force larger profits.

Jan 1, 1930

Organization Place Date 1919 Automotive Engineers New York, N. Y. Feb. 4-6 American Institute of Mining Engineers New York, N. Y. Feb. 17-20 New England Association of Gas Engineers Boston, Mass. Feb. 19 American Institute of Electrical Engineers New York, N. Y. Feb. 19-21 National Society for the Study of Education Chicago, Ill. Feb. 25-28 American Railway Engineering Association Chicago, Ill. Mch. 18-20 American Electrochemical Society New York, N. Y. Apr. 3-5.

Jan 2, 1919

By DeVerle P. Harris

Risk for most mineral investments is greater than that of average business ventures, because the physical and economic characteristics of the mineral deposit are never known with certainty. Inasmuch as the merits of a potential mineral investment cannot be fully appraised without consideration of the impact to the investor of the possible unfavorable events associated with the adoption of the project, methods of risk analysis are important in project evaluation and investment selection. The conceptual framework for risk analysis and the means by which some of the recommended practices might be implemented are examined. In addition to the normal business risk due to market forces, the physical and economic characteristics of the mineral deposit are never known with certainty, for only partial or indirect information is available, such as data from drill cores or surface and underground workings. Consequently, risk for most mineral investments is greater than that of average business ventures. Inasmuch as the merits of a potential mineral investment cannot be fully appraised without consideration of the impact to the investor of the possible unfavorable events associated with adoption of the project, methods of risk analysis are important in project evaluation and investment selection. This paper examines the conceptual framework for risk analysis and means by which might be implemented some of the recommended procedures. Utility Theory A discourse on risk and its impact upon investment selection quite often leads the reader into the concept of utility theory, for utility theory is a device constructed by economists to measure the satisfaction an individuai receives from a good; in the case of investment analysis, that good is the outcome of an investment. It briefly is reviewed here to describe the reaction of the individual to risk and as a stepping stone to other techniques more suited to risk analysis at the level of the firm. Utility theory proposes that an investor possess a utility map (curve), such as indicated in Fig. 1, which indicates the value in utiles of potential monetary rewards to an individual with some specific endowment of resources. Points on this map are obtained from the following relationship:

Jan 1, 1971

By F. C. Stanford

The work of an engineer is to direct natural forces so that the: bring about the results that he wishes to secure. Heretofore he ha concerned himself chiefly with physical forces and inanimate objects until he has secured a truly marvelous degree of control over them The great problem of the present age is to secure a like degree of know1 edge and control of the human factor. Progress has already been made along this line, but it is only a beginning. Wilhelm Ostwald says tha scientific knowledge enables a man to be a true prophet; but it must be remembered that a good many people do not seem to be able to main tain a high average in prophecy. In short, 'the average of knowledge is not equal to the average needs of the present time, but continually fails to keep pace with it. It has been aptly said that the really essentia need of the period is for more brains; if we only had sufficient knowledg and sagacity we could not only solve all difficulties, but prevent then from arising. This generalization holds good for an industrial organization. Th most vital need of the management is for more brains. The logica course for an engineer in charge of an industrial organization is, therefore to direct whatever forces may be at his command toward the development training, and guiding of all the brains in his organization. This is easie said than done, for it involves the carrying on toward two objective: the maximum of productive work, and the development of the individual who perform it. This is essentially like the rebuilding and enlarging of plant, keeping it in full operation the while. On the other hand, if th aim is merely for maximum production from an organization, withou offering opportunity for development, the final outcome will necessari be like that of a plant that is driven at full capacity without stoppin for repairs or improvements; it eventually becomes so run down th either a complete rebuilding is necessary or else it has to be abandone

Jan 1, 1918

By Kenelm C. Appleyard

In introducing to an American audience a description of the work done in dry coal separation in England and in Europe generally, it is perhaps desirable to give a short history of the development outside the United States of the particular processes with which the author is connected, and perhaps to stress a little the differences in the nature of the conditions to be faced. England actually presents one set of problems and the Continent of Europe another, since the character of the coals to be treated is entirely dissimilar, and the attitude of the coal industries towards coal preparation is also dissimilar. England for generations has been working by hand good seams of clean coal of the highest possible quality and has not felt any pressing need to clean its coal. Most Continental countries, however, especially in Central and Western Europe, have been working friable and often very dirty coals for so long that a washery is accepted as a part of the normal equipment of a colliery, with the result that the art of wet washing has reached a high state of perfection, particularly in Belgium and Germany. The advent of machine mining has intensified the problems to be faced in all countries, and in England has been coupled with the working out of the best seams in the older coal fields, thus bringing about the necessity of working thinner and dirtier seams with resultant difficulties as regards marketing the products, while Poland, with clean and well prepared coal, has in recent years been attacking established British markets in Scandinavia. In recent years, therefore, interest in coal preparation has been steadily gaining ground in England, although it has not yet reached Continental dimensions. Broadly speaking, the differences in preparation problems between England and the Continent boil themselves down to one of size. In England, for example, with the exception of the Kent coal field, the proportion of coal of a size less than ? in. to the coal less than 2 in. is very much less than on the Continent, and since the principal difficulties in dry cleaning lie in the fines it is easier to produce good figures on

Jan 1, 1931

By Linn Bradley, W. W. Strong, H. D. Egbert

A hot-dry method of cleaning the gas from blast furnaces has been shown1 to conserve the sensible heat energy of the gas, and in general it thus permits of a higher flame temperature. The electrical method of cleaning gases removes from 98 to 99 per cent. of the suspended matter in one operation when operating properly, thus making possible the use of a very clean gas for burning in the stoves. The use of such clean gas thus makes feasible a different type of hot-blast stove construction from that being used at present. It therefore seems advisable to construct the stoves from the viewpoint of getting the maximum amount of heat energy into the products of combustion. By preheating the air added to the top gas and obtaining a better mixture of the air and top gas, less excess air will be required and a higher flame temperature obtained from the combustion of the top gas. The interior of the stove should be provided with a kind of brick that will withstand a high flame temperature, will conduct the heat energy along certain directions, insulate the flow of heat along other directions and at the same time store heat energy so as to make the flow of such energy more uniform. It is quite likely that these results can be best obtained by using several kinds of bricks: one type which is a good insulator of heat energy to be used for lining the stove and for making partitions through the stove to restrain the flow of heat; another type of brick or material with high refractory qualities; and a third type which will be a good conductor of heat energy. The surface of the stove exposed to the atmosphere should be a minimum in comparison to the mass of checkerwork which it is possible to obtain, due regard being paid to other conditions. With clean and hot furnace top gas it will be advisable to consider a rearrangement of the checker work in the stoves. One season for the present size and shape of checker openings is to provide facility for

Jan 1, 1917

By F. Benard

Recovery of selenium and tellurium at Copper Cliff by the Ontario Refining Co. has been previously described by the writer.l During 1935 a new building was erected to house this operation and description of the new plant and process form the subject of this paper. The building, of modern steel and tile construction, covers an area of 5900 sq. ft. with a volume of approximately 165,000 cu. ft. The large monitored center bay is flanked by two smaller outside bays, one of which is devoted to the tellurium section. All equipment, ceilings and upper walls, are treated with aluminum paint, giving good illumination and facilitating good housekeeping, essential from a health standpoint in handling material of this nature. Equipment Layout and type of equipment conforms to the requirements of the process as described below. In the selenium section, storage tanks, neutralizing tanks and precipitators are of steel construction, lead-lined and arranged for gravity flow (Fig. 1). The neutralizing tanks are equipped with water-cooled lead coils for controlling solution temperature, agitation being accomplished with compressed air. The precipitators are provided with mechanical agitators, and sulphur dioxide is introduced into the solution through 1/2-in. lead pipes leading from a manifold attached to the cover of the precipitator. Each precipitator has internal cooling coils and an air-jet exhauster to carry off fumes. Neutralized solutions are filtered in a 29-plate wooden filter press using heavy cotton duck as a filter medium, forced feed being maintained by a Welmet centrifugal pump. Dilute solutions are concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum evaporator, constructed of cast hard lead. Heat is supplied by an outside steam chest operating under 15 Ib. steam pressure. The solution is circulated through the steam chest by a pump of antimoniallead at a rate approximating 400 cu. ft. per min. The evaporator is evacuated by a water-jet condenser that creates a vacuum of 26 in. of mercury under normal operating conditions. The capacity of the vessel is 60 cu. ft. and the rate of evaporation 25 cu. ft. per hour.

Jan 1, 1944

By Frederic Benard

Recovery of selenium and tellurium at Copper Cliff by the Ontario Refining Co. has been previously described by the writer.l During 1935 a new building was erected to house this operation and description of the new plant and process form the subject of this paper. The building, of modern steel and tile construction, covers an area of 5900 sq. ft. with a volume of approximately 166,000 cu. ft. The large monitored center bay is flanked by two smaller outside bays, one of which is devoted to the tellurium section. All equipment, ceilings and upper walls, are treated with aluminum paint, giving good illumination and facilitating good housekeeping, essential from a health standpoint in handling material of this nature. Equipment Layout and type of equipment conforms to the requirements of the process as described below. In the selenium section, storage tanks, neutralizing tanks and precipitators are of steel construction, lead-lined and arranged for gravity flow (Fig. 1). The neutralizing tanks are equipped with water-cooled lead coils for controlling solution temperature, agitation being accomplished with compressed air. The precipitators are provided with mechanical agitators, and sulphur dioxide is introduced into the solution through 1/2-in. lead pipes leading from a manifold attached to the cover of the precipitator. Each precipitator has internal cooling coils and an air-jet exhauster to carry off fumes. Neutralized solutions are filtered in a 29-plate wooden filter press using heavy cotton duck as a filter medium, forced feed being maintained by a Welmet centrifugal pump. Dilute solutions are concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum evaporator, constructed of cast hard lead. Heat is supplied by an outside steam chest operating under 15 Ib. steam pressure. The solution is circulated through the steam chest by a pump of antimonial lead at a rate approximating 400 cu. ft. per min. The evaporator is evacuated by a water-jet condenser that creates a vacuum of 26 in. of mercury under normal operating conditions. The capacity of the vessel is 60 cu. ft. and the rate of evaporation 25 cu. ft. per hour.

Jan 1, 1943

By Frederic Benard

Recovery of selenium and tellurium at Copper Cliff by the Ontario Refining Co. has been previously described by the writer.l During 1935 a new building was erected to house this operation and description of the new plant and process form the subject of this paper. The building, of modern steel and tile construction, covers an area of 5900 sq. ft. with a volume of approximately 166,000 cu. ft. The large monitored center bay is flanked by two smaller outside bays, one of which is devoted to the tellurium section. All equipment, ceilings and upper walls, are treated with aluminum paint, giving good illumination and facilitating good housekeeping, essential from a health standpoint in handling material of this nature. Equipment Layout and type of equipment conforms to the requirements of the process as described below. In the selenium section, storage tanks, neutralizing tanks and precipitators are of steel construction, lead-lined and arranged for gravity flow (Fig. 1). The neutralizing tanks are equipped with water-cooled lead coils for controlling solution temperature, agitation being accomplished with compressed air. The precipitators are provided with mechanical agitators, and sulphur dioxide is introduced into the solution through 1/2-in. lead pipes leading from a manifold attached to the cover of the precipitator. Each precipitator has internal cooling coils and an air-jet exhauster to carry off fumes. Neutralized solutions are filtered in a 29-plate wooden filter press using heavy cotton duck as a filter medium, forced feed being maintained by a Welmet centrifugal pump. Dilute solutions are concentrated by evaporation in a vacuum evaporator, constructed of cast hard lead. Heat is supplied by an outside steam chest operating under 15 Ib. steam pressure. The solution is circulated through the steam chest by a pump of antimonial lead at a rate approximating 400 cu. ft. per min. The evaporator is evacuated by a water-jet condenser that creates a vacuum of 26 in. of mercury under normal operating conditions. The capacity of the vessel is 60 cu. ft. and the rate of evaporation 25 cu. ft. per hour.

Jan 1, 1943

By Alexander Anderson

In many oil fields a great variation in the production of adjoining wells has long been observed, and a certain proportion of dry holes, situated between prolific producers, has been regarded as normal without thorough investigation as to cause. Similarly, an occasional prolific producer has been found in a part of a field where all other holes have proven disappointing. Adjoining wells which showed an unreasonable difference in production have been surveyed, and the bottom of the poorest producer has been found to have lost sufficient vertical depth, through its drift, to diminish seriously its penetration in the oil zone. Again, the bottom of the good producer has been found to he more favorably situated by its migration up structure. Surveying of wells in California fields has shown many instances where the dry hole has drifted far off the structure to such a degree that no amount of deepening could ever convert it into an oil well. In other cases, edge wells have been found to drift into the field. At this time, in California, the surveying of oil wells is beginning to he accepted as a routine part of operating procedure. Some operators are surveying all of their new wells and, in some of the recently discovered fields, this practice is providing invaluable assistance in methodical development. The information that has been obtained from the surveying of many wells has convinced most operators that it pays to give careful attention to the drilling of wells. Chews are now usually cautioned to avoid reckless competition with each other. Whereas, formerly, certain companies demanded a large footage from their drillers, they now issue orders that a very moderate speed in drilling shall he maintained and that every care be taken to avoid practices likely to cause excessive deviation of the hole frorn vertical. As a result of these new instructions to drilling crews, a distinct decline in the average drift of the wells drilled by these operators has taken place and fewer dry holes are being drilled from good locations. To the petroleum engineer and the geologist, oil-well surveys provide the necessary data required for the construction of the correct cross-

Jan 1, 1929

By W. F. Boericke, T. H. Garnett

The Wisconsin zinc district, or the Upper Mississippi lead and zinc district as it is also termed, lies in the southwestern corner of Wisconsin, and embraces adjacent portions of Illinois and Iowa. It includes Iowa, Grant, and Lafayette counties in Wisconsin, and Jo Davies country in Illinois. In Iowa, Dubuque formerly produced considerable lead, but there has been little mining there in recent years. The map, Fig. 1, shows the entire district, withroads, railways, streams, and the various towns, or "camps," around which the mines are clustered. The hatchwork indicates the areas in which lead and zinc have been mined. The district is about 60 mi. (96 km.) north and south and about 40 mi. (64 km.) east and west. Not all of the territory is mineral bearing, and there are considerable areas that are believed to be barren. The grouping of the mines is patchy and irregular, though certain broad zoncs of mineralization extend almost the full width of the district, as from Mineral Point west through Mifflin and Livingston, and from Shullsburg west through New Diggings and Hazel Green. It is worth noting that the best mines of the district have, to date, been found within 10 mi. ease or west of the fourth principal meridian line, thus lying within a long, narrow, north-and-south belt extending the length of the district. In a field as large as the Wisconsin, which has only within comparatively recent time been worked intensively for zinc, the chances are good for opening new and important orebodies in parts of the district not yet, or insufficiently, prospected. However; the prospecting has been most successful around, or adjacent to, the old lead diggings of nearly a century ago, and the camps that were well known then are still centers of activity. In their order of importance they are: New Diggings, Ben-ton, Mifflin-Livingston, Galena, Linden, Hazel Green, Shullsburg, and Highland. The district is one of the best farming districts in Wisconsin, with deep fertile soil. The farms are large and well improved, and the towns are modern and prosperous. Railroad facilities are good and proximity to Chicago is an asset. Mining is usually done on a leasing system of 10

Jan 1, 1920