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By Wilhelm Borchers

IN all special branches of the chemical and metallurgical industries, in which large electric furnaces became necessary for carrying out new processes or for the improvement of old ones, the development of the electric furnaces took place on much the same lines. The endeavors to make a success of a new idea brought forth many ingenious designs, which, however, almost without exception, furnished the proof that the safest and shortest way to practical success is the utmost simplicity of construction of the necessary apparatus. Our knowledge of the qualities of materials for building electric furnaces and of the constituents of the furnace-charges, especially their electric conductivity and their chemical affinity . towards one another at high temperatures, is still far from being complete, and from this fact we must conclude that the smaller the number of elements in the construction of a furnace, the fewer the number of unreliable factors both in the construction and in the operation of the electric furnace. This conclusion deserves special attention when an electric furnace for making steel has to be chosen from the constantly growing number of inventions, inasmuch as the chief con¬stituent of steel, the element iron, is a substance which in its liquid phase has so great an affinity fir those elements which are to be removed from the charge, that it is very difficult to comply with the following conditions: 1, to beat the refining-slag to the highest point of its chemical activity ; to prevent the iron from entering the slaw, or, where this cannot be done, to make it enter so that it finally appears in the end-product

Jan 1, 1910

By Bradley Stoughton

AT THE meeting of the Board of Directors on May 20, the resignation of Bradley Stoughton as Secretary of the Institute was presented and regretfully accepted by the Board. The letter of resignation follows : Gentlemen: About two years ago, I indicated to the President and some members of the Board my belief that the office of Secretary of the Institute should not be a permanent one. It is my observation of events, not only in our own Institute, but also in several sister societies, that too long a tenure of office by the Secretary inevitably leads to a situation which is not good either for him or for the society. After submitting this in writing to the Directors on February 17, 1920, I was overpersuaded by members of the Board to defer resignation until a more convenient time for the

Jan 1, 1921

By C. E. Melbye

A serious problem confronted the city of Gunnison early in 1958 in that, for a few months during each spring runoff, the water supply derived from the Gunnison River became polluted to an unsafe point. The city management had the choice of building a new filter plant to replace the old unworkable one or drilling wells to develop a ground water supply. The cost of a new filter plant was estimated at $180,000 compared to $50,000 for 6 wells, pumps, and additional water lines, hence their decision to attempt the development of sufficient ground water. Six wells at 300 gpm per well were estimated as necessary to handle the peak usage of 1800 gpm, compared to only 600 gpm winter usage. Although the water table is only about 7 feet below the surface, existing private wells drilled at random locations were producing much less than 300 gpm. The problem was to find sufficient quantities from about 6 wells. Since the presence of an ancient bedrock channel was suspected, which would be expected to localize greater quantities of water, the city of Gunnison authorized a resistivity survey to investigate bedrock topography below unconsolidated gravels. Survey results were highly satisfactory and led to the preparation of a fairly detailed bedrock contour map, Fig. 1. This map was used in selection of all well sites. The city of Gunnison is situated in a flat, broad, Quaternary gravel-filled valley (terrain dips south at 20 feet per mile) at the junction of the Gunnison River and Tomichi Creek. The valley, about 2-4 miles wide, is bordered by hills of Tertiary volcanics to the northwest, Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments to the north and northeast, and pre-Cambrian granite and gneiss to the south. One previous deep test well at the west end of the city hit pre-Cambrian granite at 496 feet, which, allowing for 40 feet of surface gravels, makes the older sedimentary section 456 feet thick. This section is probably all Jurassic Morrison formation, consisting of the Saltwash sandstone overlain by the much thicker section of Brushy Basin shales and mudstones. According to the driller's logs, each well was bottomed in what is believed to be Brushy Basin shale. FIELD PROCEDURE A standard Gish-Rooney type of resistivity apparatus was employed, which used 45-volt dry batteries as a direct-current power source. Applied voltages could be selected from 45 volts to a 270-volt maximum. Copper-coated steel stakes were employed as current electrodes and porous porcelain pots as potential electrodes to avoid possible polarization effects with direct current. The expanding Wenner electrode configuration was utilized for this investigation and measurements were made at 20 40, 60, 80, and 100-foot spacings,

Jan 1, 1961

By E. F. Adkins, R. W. Douglas

The variation of the spectral emissivity of osmium and ruthenium with temperature can be expressed by the following relations: DURING a study of the sintering characteristics of osmium and ruthenium, discrepancies in the previously accepted melting points of the metals were noted. The melting temperatures had not been measured at the time of the work, but were estimated in the literature as 2700°C for osmium and 2450°C for ruthenium.' A recent investigation by Baird2 has shown the melting temperatures of osmium and ruthenium are 3000" and 2250° C, respectively. In the present work, osmium bars sintered at temperatures as high as 2900° C showed no evidence of melting, whereas ruthenium showed definite evidence of melting at temperatures as low as 2250°C. In view of the apparent discrepancies, the melting temperatures of both metals were determined. The spectral emissivities of both metals were determined as an aid to studies of the sintering characteristics of these metals. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES The materials used in these studies were metal powders supplied by Englehard Industries, Inc., through the courtesy of The International Nickel Co. Analytical data from three laboratories, although not in complete agreement as to the purity of the material or the major impurity elements, indicated that the maximum impurity levels were 0.5 and 1.0 wt pct in osmium and ruthenium, respectively. The metal powders were pressed to 1/4 by 1/4 by 6-in. bars at 20Tsi using carbon tetrachloride as a lubricant. The pressed bars were presintered 1 hr at 1200°C after heating 1 hr at 400°C. The presintered densities of the several bars of the metals ranged from 65 to 80 pct of ideal density. Specimens were self-resistance heated in a vacuum sintering bell. Temperatures were measured with an L&N, disappearing filament optical pyrometer. True temperatures were read at the base of an 0.30-in.-diam, 0.150-in. deep hole drilled into the center of a presintered bar. Apparent temperatures were read from the surface of the bar adjacent to the hole. MELTING POINT DETERMINATION The melting temperature of the metals was determined as the temperature at which a slight additional increase in current through the specimen resulted in a reduced temperature at the base of the hole. The apparent reduction in temperature is a result of the liquid metal filling the hole, thus altering the black-body conditions. The melting points of osmium and ruthenium, based on three deter-

Jan 1, 1962

By AIME AIME

QUALITY and size do not ordinarily go hand in hand, but there is good evidence that both these attributes reached a new peak at the Annual Meeting of the Institute in New York just concluded. Certainly, the total attendance of 2500 was far above any yet attained, as might be expected with the recent rapid growth of Institute member- ship. General comment indicates that the quality of the papers also was notable, though not measurable by so definite a yardstick as attendance. During the meeting 49 technical sessions were held, at which more than 250 formal papers were presented. In addition, there were some thirty special meetings of committees, Divisions, and other Institute groups. In reporting the Annual Meeting eleven years ago the statement was made that "unless the Engineering Societies should build for themselves a new building it is probable that no meeting can be larger," and "the fifth floor, where a buffet lunch is served each day, has reached its full capacity and it seems quite evident that any future development of Institute meetings must be along the lines of quality, not size." Unfortunately the angel to succeed Andrew Carnegie, who financed the building of the present home of the Institute 35 years ago, has not yet ' appeared. Even if some one would merely build another elevator or two in the present building it would help. Fortunately, the modern auditorium of the American Radiator & Standard

Jan 1, 1940

Jan 1, 1883

By Carl Lee

CHICAGO in the last week of June fulfilled all its promises to the visiting engineers except one. This holds true with respect to the activities of the Regional Meeting of the A. I. M. E. in particular and of Engineers' Week in general. No one expected to find much of the beautiful in the outward aspects of the Fair-the Century of Progress Exposition, to be more formal; but they expected novelty, color, and startling lighting effects at night, and they were in no sense disappointed. It has been said that the architecture is a portent of the style of the buildings of the future; most who have seen the Fair hope that this forecast will prove inaccurate. As to the exhibits themselves, they are splendid. They are in keeping with the theme of the Exposition-a Century of Progress in science, in engineering, in the industries based upon them. No attempt will be made here even to suggest the exhibits that are most interesting. There are plenty for every one; and any member of the Institute who has the opportunity should by all means visit Chicago before the end of October.

Jan 1, 1933

By Lawrence S. Darken

STAFF: Editor, Gerhord Derge Cornegie Institute of Technology Schenley Pork Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: J. S. Smart, Jr., President; C. C. Long, Past-President; K. L. Fetters, Vice President; T. D. Jones, Treasurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, K. L. Fetters, J. J. Harwood, W. A. Krivsky, F. C. Longenberg, R. E. Lund, W. 0. Philbrook, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and F. L. Vogal. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metallurgy Division: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; R. E. Lund, Vice-chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewis, Paul Qusneau, A. S. Russell, R, E. Shinkoskey, W. W. Stephens, and M. E. Wadsworth. Institute of Metals Division: L. L.Seigle, Chair-man, P. A. Back, J. J. Backer, l.l. Bessen, J. 0. Betterton, Jr., J. 8. Clark, R. S. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, R. B. Gordon, C. D. Graham, Jr., R. W. Guard, J. C. Gurland, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Hager, A. A. Hendrickson, M. Harmon, J. N. Hobstatter, H. H. Johnson, Jr., H. 5. Kolish, R. R. Nash, T. N. Rhodin, R. H. Richman, W. Rostokar, P. G. Shawmon, C. W. Spencer, L. Slifkin, J. K. Stanley, C. D. Starr, R. Steinitz, and H. C. Stumpf. Iron and Steel Division: H. L. Bishop, Chairman; 2. E. Boni, F. C. Langenberg, J. B. Wagstaff, and T. V. Wainwright. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Telephone: PEnnsylvania 6-9220. Subscription PetroleumEngineers,$30 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; 332, foreign; $5 for AlME members. Single copies, $4.00, single copies foreign, $5.00. The AlME is not responsible for any statement mode or opinion expressed in its publications . . . Copyright 1%1 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . Registered cable address; AIME New York ..Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts.. .Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 221, Number 4.

Jan 1, 1962

By AIME AIME

IN ORDER to carry on its work most effectively, the Committee on Industrial Organization (now known as the Committee on Industrial Relations) consists, of .a number of sub-committees, each composed of a chairman and members who are especially fitted to carry out the work designated by its title. With only one or two exceptions, all of these committees made reports at the New York meeting of the Institute, in February of this year, abstracts of which follow.

Jan 1, 1920

By Charles Hart

In this paper it is the author's intention to show the extent and character of foreign ores now known to be available; these deposits may be in active production or held in reserve until economic conditions may make them active. He hopes to show the relation existing between these ores and the American supply, and which of the former are now producing or will in turn come into production when our better ores have been exhausted. This phase of this discussion must of necessity include some data as to the present rate of consumption and a study of the changes we may expect here and abroad in the general steel trade and its sources of supply in raw materials. It is obvious that the occurrence of coal, ore and limestone in relation to one another and the proximity of a market are the elements in control of this feature of the problem. If the foregoing situation is favorable, all the other questions may be solved, for it is clear that with proper basic conditions finance, labor and operations will fall in line. We present a short outline of the present methods of carrying on the foreign iron ore trade, believing that it is of general interest in comparison with our own highly specialized methods, and that with the exhaustion of our better ores we will be compelled to seek a part of our supply abroad. A partial list of iron ores, with incomplete analyses (Table I), is added, to give a better understanding of the general situation and explain to some extent the reason for things being as they are in the iron and steel trade of the world and to help in bringing this paper to an informing conclusion. The question of the world supply of iron ores has been a subject for study on the part of geologists and engineers for many years, and found its best results in the Eleventh International Geological Congress, appropriately held at Stockholm, Sweden, in 1910. The proceedings are published in two volumes and are undoubtedly the best records available on this subject at the date of publication. It should be borne in mind, however, that much has happened in the 20 years since these figures were assembled. There is just as much known ore at present as at that time, minus the quantity consumed, plus newly discovered reserves. The World War had great effect upon this situation; during that time explorations were greatly reduced and the settlements after the

Jan 1, 1929

By A. E. Chute

The shortage of sulfur is not only continuing but appears to be worsening, attended by steadily rising prices. At the same time emphasis on air-pollution abatement is also increasing. These two factors, a rising market and the growth of environmental attention, have encouraged producers to carefully review all possible sulfur sources. As a result, production of sulfur from hydrogen sulfide occurring in petroleum is receiving greater attention than ever before. Until about a decade ago, the practice of recovering sulfur from hydrogen sulfide separated from gases (either found naturally or generated in desulfurization of liquid petroleum) was wide1y recognized but contributed little to total free-world sulfur production. However, during the past ten years, the production of sulfur from this source has increased so rapidly that it now accounts for a substantial portion of total production. This trend shows no signs of slackening, and current forecasts predict that recovered sulfur may become the dominant source of supply within ten years, exceeding mined sulfur production. This paper is intended to list sulfur sources and relationships, and to discuss the potential of producing sulfur from petroleum. The processing involved, in addition to product storage and transportation will also be discussed along with important economic aspects of sulfur recovered from hydrogen sulfide. For many years, most of the world's elemental sulfur has been produced from salt domes, predominantly by the Frasch process. During the past decade, however, another production source has developed so quickly that it is expected to surpass the Frasch production sources within a short time. This new source lies in the petroleum gases and liquids from which dramatically increasing quantities of elemental sulfur are being recovered. In the phraseology of the trade, the sulfur so obtained is know as "recovered sulfur," a term which does not, as one might expect, include sulfur recovered from other sources such as smelter gases. The growth rate of recovered sulfur compared to that of Frasch sulfur, total elemental sulfur, and total Free World sulfur in all forms is shown in Fig. 1 Since 1963, sulfur consumption has exceeded production,with the natural result that the price of sulfurhas continually increased. The posted price reported for f.o.b. Port Sulphur, La., has risen from as low as $18 per ton in 1962 to $32.50 per ton in mid-1967. With freight and other charges, delivered prices have of course run much higher, amounting to $45 or $46 per ton on the east and west coasts. In some cases, spot sales for as much as $60 have been reported. Although it is playing an ever-increasing role in the sulfur market, recovered sulfur was originally a by-product of the removal of hydrogen sulfide from natural and petroleum refinery gases. Today, however, it is often the most valuable product of a multi-product processing facility. Since there are two major sources of recovered sulfur—production and refining processes —natural gas is included with liquid petroleum for purposes of this discussion. Sulfur from these sources is produced in the form of gaseous hydrogen sulfide which is removed from a gas stream and converted to elemental sulfur. Gases in which hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally are natural gas and the gas produced from a high=pres-sure crude=oil or condensate field.

Jan 1, 1969

By M. J. R. Morris

THE year 1939 has seen the iron and steel industry driving for efficiency with unabated zeal. "Efficiency" is here used in the sense of enabling the customer to do more with less, either supplying him with more economically priced steels or with higher priced steels that will do a job more economically. The plain carbon steels have been improved tremendously in quality be- cause of recent control tests. All steel companies have been urged to hold to .closer chemical control, closer standards, soundness, and more control on grain size, and now attention is being directed to closer control of hardening properties. Better control of open- hearth operations undoubtedly will result in an increase in the application of special carbon steel. Further, with a better understanding of quenching, the present trend to study the quenching of this class of steels will be ex- tended. These steels will then be used for purposes to which they are best suited. Utilization of special carbon bars and large shapes seems to be developing less slowly than special car- bon in the form of strip. There are many reasons for this and the future development of this trend will be important. Continued development of the manufacture of parts from strip and sheet to replace forgings, and of formed; structural members such as channels or welded pipe, is notable. Special carbon sheets with nonaging properties have been produced during the year; they maintain a higher degree of ductility over a longer time and are less sensitive to the changes which took place in the former product when stocked.

Jan 1, 1940

By C. K. Leith, W. J. NEAD

(Glen Summit Meeting, June, 1911.) . ONE Of the most significant developments in the iron industry in recent years has been the discovery and opening of enormous reserves of low-grade ore in eastern and northeastern Cuba. The two principal fields are the Mayari and the Moa, situated on Nipe bay, in the Province of Oriente. A less well-known district of the same type is that of Baracoa, at the east of the island, and another is in Camaguey province in central Cuba. In the comprehensive estimates of the iron-ore reserves of the world, published during the summer of 1910 by the International Geological Congress in Sweden,' these Cuban deposits are estimated at about 2,000,000,000 tons. Certain it is that the reserve is a large one. The Spanish-American Iron Co., the Juragua Iron Co. (Bethlehem Steel Co.), the U. S. Steel Corporation, and others have been active in this exploration.. The Spanish-American Iron Co. has established a port for the handling of these ores at Felton, has built a railway 16 miles to the ore-fields, and has opened up deposits for steam-shovel mining. Its expenditures have reached an aggregate of about $6,000,000 in preparation for the handling of these ores. Shipment of the ore to Sparrow's Point, Md., has begun and may be expected to rise to a considerable amount in the near future. The ore reaches this point at a cost per unit of iron considerably lower than Lake Superior ores, and the presence of a low percentage of nickel gives a desirable steel. It is not the purpose of this article to consider these ores from a commercial stand-point, but rather to discuss their-origin. If our conclusions are correct, they throw light on the character of the deposits which should have some commercial significance. 1 The Iron Ore Resources of the World, an inquiry made upon the initiative of the Executive Committee of the Eleventh International Geological Congress, Stockholm, vol. ii., p. 795 (1910).

Mar 1, 1911

By Benjamin Smith Lyman

PAGE I. ANCIENT HISTORY,........... 57 Accepted Fables ; Babylonian Mapping ; First Surveying. II. COMPASS,.............59 Chinese Invention; Marco Polo; First European Compasses ; Early Knowledge of Variation ; Plotting with the Compass ; Hanging-Com pass ; Supposed Gravitational Error ; Merit of the Compass. 111. Telescope,............63 Origin (Roger Bacon, Porta, Digges, Lippershey, Galileo) ; Improvements (Micrometer and Cross-Hairs, Rittenhouse's First Telescope, Platinum Cross-Wires, Telescopic Sights, Reflecting Telescope, Achromatic Lens, Kellner Lens in Erecting Telescope, Inverting Telescope). IV. Theodolite,.............81 Origin ; Derivation of the Name. V. TranBit,.............86 First Surveying Transit; Edmund Draper. VI. Instrument-Parts,..........89 Ramsdenl a Dividing Engine ; Fineness of Graduation ; Conical Gradua tions ; Full Vertical Circle ; Leveling-Screws ; Shifting Tripod-Heads ; Hoffman-Harden Tripod-Head ; Heller & Brightly's Improvements. VII. OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES,......100 Sunflower; Plummet-Lamp; Chains and Tapes. VIII. SCOTT'S TACHYMETER,.........104 IX. Nomenclature and Classification,.......105 Names; Grouping. Surveyors are much indebted to Mr. Scott for so vigorously attacking the subject of the origin and history of mine-surveging instruments, the compass, the telescope, the transit and other apparatus. He is not afraid of the dark, nor yet foolishly bashful in broad daylight. He does not recoil from the obscurities of the earliest times and the most difficult historical points; and, with commendable public spirit, he makes his own invention known to his fellow-workers, and challenges their criticism. He has, moreover, elicited the praiseworthy emula-

Jan 1, 1902

By W. F. Durfee

In the year 1862 the author of this paper was called upon to design and superintend the erection and working of the machinery of an experimental works for the production of steel by a process

Jan 1, 1884

By R. A. L. Black

Between March and June 1962, the privilege of holding a Carnegie Corporation Fellowship enabled R. A. L. Black to travel extensively in the northeastern and western U.S. and in Canada, seeing mining schools, mining research establishments and a cross-section of the American and Canadian mining industry. Visits were paid to 12 university mining schools, 7 research establishments and 19 mining operations. The author had previously spent two months in Britain in a similar manner and eventually returned to his home in South Africa after a short period studying mining problem in Australia. Thus, although the following remarks are mainly concerned with the educational problems of mining in North America, a comparison of impressions of American and Canadian conditions could be made with impressions gained from first-hand experience of other mining centers in the English-speaking world. The conclusion was reached that the problems and conditions of mining, research and mining education are very similar in all areas visited.

Jan 4, 1963

By R. C. Good

Slag control for any kind of steel, rimming, straight carbon or alloy, should start with the charge and be developed well in advance of the tap because its composition, viscosity and temperature will unquestionably govern the physical and chemical properties of the steel when tapped. In the majority of plants producing alloy steels, primary consideration is given to the chemical specifications; physical characteristics usually occupy secondary place in the melter's mind. Recently, however, buyers have indicated limits of machinability, hardenability, grain size and, of course, always wanted steel free from foreign nonmetallic inclusions. It is these latter specifications that require the attention of the operator to the slag and its control. The slag must act as a vehicle for oxidized elements originating from the metallic portion of the charge; it should hold the oxides of phosphorus, silicon, manganese, iron and chromium that come into contact with it either before or after the refining and finishing stage of the heat. It must be used as a transferring medium of oxygen from the atmosphere or oxide additions to the metal and should permit a free escape of gas generated within the charge. Finally, the slag is the principal controlling factor in regulating the rate of oxidation which in turn eventually determines the quality of the steel as measured for the various characteristics mentioned above. With pig iron of uniform composition, the iron oxide in the slag increases as the limestone is increased but with the same addition of stone in every heat, the iron oxide decreases as the silicon is increased in the charge, and vice versa.

Jan 1, 1935

By R. C. Good

Slag control for any kind of steel, rimming, straight carbon or alloy, should start with the charge and be developed well in advance of the tap because its composition, viscosity and temperature will unquestionably govern the physical and chemical properties of the steel when tapped. In the majority of plants producing alloy steels, primary consideration is given to the chemical specifications; physical characteristics usually occupy secondary place in the melter's mind. Recently, however, buyers have indicated limits of machinability, hardenability, grain size and, of course, always wanted steel free from foreign nonmetallic inclusions. It is these latter specifications that require the attention of the operator to the slag and its control. The slag must act as a vehicle for oxidized elements originating from the metallic portion of the charge; it should hold the oxides of phosphorus, silicon, manganese, iron and chromium that come into contact with it either before or after the refining and finishing stage of the heat. It must be used as a transferring medium of oxygen from the atmosphere or oxide additions to the metal and should permit a free escape of gas generated within the charge. Finally, the slag is the principal controlling factor in regulating the rate of oxidation which in turn eventually determines the quality of the steel as measured for the various characteristics mentioned above. With pig iron of uniform composition, the iron oxide in the slag increases as the limestone is increased but with the same addition of stone in every heat, the iron oxide decreases as the silicon is increased in the charge, and vice versa.

Jan 1, 1935

By FRANK R. VAN

I. INTRODUCTION. IN the summer of 1908, R. B. Cochran, Superintendent of the Compania Metalurgica Mexicana at Sierra Mojada, Mexico, presented to the Department of Geology and Mineralogy at Case School of Applied Science an interesting series of silver-, copper-, and lead-ores from the Veta Rica mine. These ores contained several interesting minerals which were associated in a somewhat peculiar manner, so that I was impelled to make a closer study of their occurrence. The investigation has brought out several new facts concerning the geology of the district and the geological occurrence of the ores, and therefore has seemed worthy of record. Two papers have been published previously about the region, one by Chism1 in 1887, and the other by Malcolmson2 in 1902. These articles, however, treat of the district more from the stand-point of the metallurgist and mining engineer, and not much attention is devoted to its mineralogy and economic geology. II. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE DISTRICT. The Sierra Mojada is situated in the extreme western part of the State of Coahuila, near the Chihuahua boundary. It is reached best via the Mexican Central railroad from El Paso, Tex., to Escalon, Chihuahua, a distance of 494 miles. From this point, a branch line, the Mexican Northern railroad, runs 78 miles in a NE. direction to the mines, which are its northern terminus. The railroad was built about 1890, practically on account of the Sierra Mojada mining-district. 1 Sierra Mojada, Mexico, by Richard E. Chism, Trans., xv., 542 (1886-87). 2 The Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, Mexico, and Its Ore-Deposits, by James W. Malcomson, Tram., xxxii., 100 (1901).

Aug 1, 1912

By L. A. Cowan

IF the elements of personality be those characteristics in which humans differ, and if this definition be applied to the purchasing department for the Climax operations in Colorado, it must he concluded that this department has no distinguishing traits that would give it a departmental personality different from that possessed by the similar department of any progressive mining enterprise. Or, one may go further by stating that the rudimentary functions of any purchasing practice employed principally in the acquisition of maintenance, repair, and operating supplies are much alike, whether or not the industry involved be mining or milling. However, in the fact that the principal purchases of a mining company are materials for maintenance and repair and consumable operating supplies lies that essential characteristic which differentiates mining and milling purchasing functions from those of the manufacturer, the fabricator, or the ordinary processor.

Jan 1, 1946