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The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc, shall be composed of constituent parts as follows Section 1 Societies-The Institute shall be divided into three or more Societies as follows a The Metallurgical Society of AIME Society of Mining Engineers of AIME Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME Other Societies may be formed within the framework of AIME or granted member¬ship in AIME as approved by the Board of Directors Section 2 Divisions and Subdivisions-The several Societies of the Institute shall consist of Divisions as follows a The Metallurgical Society of AIME 1 Institute of Metals Division 2 Iron and Steel Division 3 Extractive Metallurgy Division Any Divisions or Subdivisions which may be formed in the future with the approval of the Board of Directors Society of Mining Engineers of AIME I Coal Division 2 Industrial Minerals Division 3 Minerals Beneficiation Division 4 Mining and Exploration Division

Jan 1, 1960

By R. W. Raymond

The " law of the apex," with its vague and impracticable " extra-lateral rights," is defended—if it is defended at all— on the ground that it is required by the peculiar conditions of the mineral deposits or of the mining industry in those States and Territories in which it is operative. As I have repeatedly attempted to show, in papers read before the Institute, and most recently in an article on " The Relation of the Mining Law of the United States to the Davelopment of its Mineral Resources," published in Mr. Rothwell's Mineral Industry for 1894, there is now (whatever may have been the case formerly) no peculiarity of conditions in the regions referred to which warrants the subjection of their mining industry to a burden so vexatious and injurious as this law imposes. I have called attention to the absolute freedom from expensive litigations over mining titles enjoyed by all other States in the Union and all other regions in the world where the absurd extra-lateral right does not exist.

Jan 1, 1896

By M. D. Hassiaslis

THE nature of a collector-coated mineral surface has been the subject of some experimentation and much speculation. Various aspects of the problem have been isolated and studied; it is probable, however, that there exist aspects as yet unrecognized, which are needed for a complete description of the system. The recognized elements of the problem are: 1-The nature of the chemical units comprising the film and the nature of the forces holding these chemical units to the mineral surface; 2-The orientation of the chemical units at the surface; and 3-The disposition of the collector units at the mineral surface. This report touches upon all three aspects of the broad problem; it deals, however, with a new and heretofore unrecognized element-the mobility of the collector units in the two dimensions of the solid-liquid interface.

Jan 11, 1951

By Francisco Cadena

THE construction of Norris Dam, built by the Tennessee Valley Authority on the Clinch River, a tributary of the Tennessee River, involved the production of coarse and fine aggregate for approximately 1,000,000 cu. yd. of concrete; A hammer-mill plant for the manufacture of sand from quarried rock was indicated as the most economical method of providing this material. The abrasive character of the feed as compared to the average hammer-mill feed made it necessary to control operations rather closely, and this resulted in the accumulation of many data bearing on production and maintenance. This paper will deal only with three specific sets of data, accompanied by such general infor-mation as miry be necessary to explain the conditions under which they were obtained and followed by discussions on the relation of silica content to hammer wear, comparative costs of slugger and stirrup hammers, and comparative costs of tool-steel and n manganese-steel grate bars.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. M. St. John

LIKE every present-day manufacturer, the brass foundryman is faced with the necessity of reducing the cost of his finished product without impairing its appearance or quality. He must use every economy that the progress of art and science puts at his disposal and should also be alert to profit by any peculiarity in his own situation or the nature of his product that may give him an exceptional advantage. Much can be accomplished by the adoption of labor-saving equipment and improved methods of melting, molding and handling. Control of pouring temperature, study of defective castings and their causes, laboratory control of molding sand and core mixtures, the use of less expensive alloys, all contribute to the desired end. Assuming that the composition of the alloy is already as inexpensive as the character of the casting will permit, still further savings can be made by the intelligent purchase and utilization of the metals needed to produce the desired analysis.

Jan 1, 1929

By C. W. Kempton

If New England were located in some distant and almost inaccessible region, there is no doubt that its mineral resources would have been ere this well developed and generally acknowledged, but laboring under the disadvantage of nearness, it has been neglected. Its surface, moreover, is not cut up by mountains and canons, and the remnants of many of the old ridges are extensively covered by glacial drift. Having for the past ten months been engaged in the development of a mineral district in Southeastern Maine, 1 would take this opportunity to lay before the Institute sketches of results, and try to give some idea of the formations as found. The Sullivan Mining District extends from the town of Franklin, through Hancock, Sullivan, and Gouldsborough, from northwest to southeast, about sixteen miles. A general idea of this locality may be gathered from the map accompanying. (Fig. 1). Sullivan is situated at the head of Frenchman's Bay, ten miles north from Bar Harbor, Mount Desert, twelve miles from Ellsworth,

Jan 1, 1879

By Nicholas J. Grant, Ulf Kalling, John Chipman

D. E. Babcock (Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio)—I would like to know what evidence you have to prove the MnO was pure MnO. I would also like to know whether you might not explain it on the basis of a temperature reversion; and, was it due to the oxidizing power of MnO? N. J. Grant (authors' reply)—Briefly, we have no proof that pure MnO was used. The manganese oxide was added as chemically pure MnO,. MnO is assumed as the oxide in the reacted slag following standard molecular slag theories, especially under the reducing conditions of these experiments. The noted sulphur reversion cannot by any means be explained on the basis of a temperature reversion since the temperature effect is shown in this paper to be very small. Until a more logical explanation can be offered, backed I hope by some experimental proof, we propose to explain this sulphur reversion as stated in the paper, namely, that it is due to the oxidizing effect of the added manganese oxide. Member—How did the oxygen in the slag give you a reversion of sulphur? What was the mechanism there?

Jan 1, 1952

By V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetzel

It is estimated that world consumption of petroleum, its products and related fuels during 1935 will reach an all-time peak of 1,592,000,000 bbl. —about 5.4 per cent higher than in 1934. Demand increased within the United States approximately 6.1 per cent during 1935 and in foreign countries about 4.1 per cent. The figures in Table 1 indicate that during the past five years world's production of crude petroleum and related fuels exceeded demand every year and that the aggregate difference is approximately 239,000,000 bbl. The supply in the United States exceeded consumption by some 134,000,000 bbl. over the same five-year period, while outside the United States the excess over demand is shown to be 105,000,000 bbl. Table 2 combines the excess production in the United States with its favorable balance of exports over imports, showing that the United States has reduced its storage over the five years by about 132,720,000 bbl., and indicates that, including its excess of imports from the United States, the rest of the world may have an unfavorable balance of some 371,000,000 bbl. over the five-year period. Such difference in foreign countries is largely due to increase in stocks, and partly at least remains in our imperfect knowledge of consumption statistics as an unfavorable balance. Table 3

Jan 1, 1936

By David Thomas

The preliminary meeting to organize the American Institute of Mining Engineers was held last evening. The attendance was unexpectedly large, and the proceedings were harmonious. According to present appearances, the Institute is destined to have a vigorous and influential career. A noteworthy feature is the interest manifested by the owners and operators of mines and by mining foremen, who are not strictly engineers. Provision is made in the rules for such persons, and all others who desire to be connected with the organization, by the establishment of a class of associates, having all the privileges of members, with a very few restrictions. It is ordained that the President, four of the six Vice-Presidents, and six out of the nine managers, shall be professional mining engineers, this term including metallurgical engineers also.

Jan 1, 1971

By Takao Kobayashi

Micro-crack formation zones developed near a crack tip in rocks and ceramics play a significant role in fracture behavior of these materials. In order to study micro- crack formation near a crack tip and its effects on crack behavior, a mica-epoxy composite material was developed. Multi-layer mica flakes were embedded in an epoxy matrix. Under high stress in the vicinity of a crack tip the mica delaminated, simulating the micro-cracking along grain boundaries or crystal planes in rocks and ceramics. A compact tension specimen was fabricated from mica-epoxy composite material. During the test the load and crack opening displacement were measured following the ASTM E561 (R-curve determination) procedure. Through the compliance calibration method the effective crack length and the KR were computed. The experiment clearly demonstrates the formation of micro-cracks and their effects on the overall behavior of the specimen. The paper discusses the significance of micro-crack formation on fracture toughness characterizations, and the advantages of the use of mica-epoxy composite for detailed studies of interaction between the micro-crack formation zone and the specimen geometry and size.

Jan 1, 1982

By M. J. McPherson, R. Venkataramani

R. Venkataramani (Assistant Professor of Mining Engineering, Dept. of Mining, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.)-Y. J. Wang and L. W. Saperstein are to be congratulated for their paper on the computer solution of ventilation problems. The limitations on the problem size to be solved by the program (Appendix II) has been outlined in the paper. I would like to add the following additional limitations of this computer program: The dimensions of the variable J1and J2 should be changed to J, (550) and J2 (550) to handle problems containing more than 400 branches, and up to 550 branches. If there are a large number of branches common to the various meshes, another limitation on the problem size will be the dimension of the variable NA. While a higher-order polynomial fitting for the fan characteristic data points is more rigorous, a quadratic relation, if linear interpolation between the points is inadequate, will result in saving computing time without much loss of accuracy. Of course, this can be handled by minor modifications to the existing polynomial fitting routine in the program. M. J. McPherson (Dept. of Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England)-The

Jan 1, 1972

By O. C. Wheeler

During 1938, Colombia witnessed greater activity in oil prospecting and development than in any previous year in its history; more wells were drilled, more potential production established, more geological and geophysical work was accomplished, and more leases and concessions were acquired. Many companies, including the Texas, Socony Vacuum, Richmond (subsidiary of the Standard Oil of California), the Shell, and Tropical, contributed to this activity. Probably the most noteworthy development was in connection with the Barco Concession, which forms part of the Maracaibo Basin in eastern Colombia, adjacent to the Venezuelan frontier. There a great deal of preparatory work was accomplished in addition to camp and other construction, 20 producing wells were drilled and work was begun on the construction of a 12-in. pipe line to transport the oil to the port of Covenas, a distance of 260 miles. It is reported {hat 58,000 bbl. daily initial production was established during the year and is awaiting an outlet through this pipe line. Leasing and exploratory operations in Colombia continued active throughout the year; applications were made for concessions covering more than 1,100,000 acres of national lands and, in addition, leases were taken up on large areas of privately owned lands. Under Colombian law

Jan 1, 1939

EUGENE COSTE, ? Calgary, Alta.-Evidently in Argentine they have a petroliferous province just east of the Andes where very much the same conditions exist as are found on the east side of the Rocky Mountains and in the plains adjacent. It strikes me, though, that the same mistake is being made in Argentine in the exploration for oil as was made in Alberta, Canada; viz., drilling the wells too .near the seepages in the belt in the eastern part of the petroliferous province, too near the mountains. This same mistake was made in Alberta, with disastrous results; viz., only fissure production was found. The strata so near the mountains are tilted at a very strong angle, such as is described in this paper, and the dislocations are intense. On the other hand, we have found that when we get 100 or 200 mi. away from the mountains we get into oil and gas belts which are very prolific. So far our fields in Alberta have been gas, but in Wyoming, as you know, they get many thousands of barrels a day. I have no doubt that conditions in Argentine are exactly similar but that they have so far kept too near the mountains and that they want to explore the belts farther east to obtain better results.

Jan 4, 1919

By L. S. Pratt

IN 1910 the author was engaged in a qualitative study of the radio-activity of several chemical substances and a few minerals. In the course of the work he studied the mineral allanite (obtained from granite ledges at Topsham, Maine), and found it to be appreciably radio-active. Recently the fact was brought to his attention that the radio-activity of allanite is not well known, although Hon. R. J. Strutt in 1905 published a list of radio-active minerals with their analyses, including allanite from Amherst County, Virginia. In the work done, a standard ,type of electroscope was used, and the readings were made with a telescope, fitted with a scale, by means of which the rate of discharge could be readily determined. The natural "leak" of the instrument was carefully determined, and all results corrected accordingly. The method of study was as follows: The material to be tested was finely powdered, and spread over the bottom of a small, inactive pan. The electroscope was then charged, and the pan placed in position. The door of the instrument was closed, and the rate. of discharge carefully determined. All results were reduced to common form to permit of comparison. It is to be noted that the materials tested were not used in strictly comparable quantities, such as if 1 g. of. each had been used, but about the same quantity of powder was used (in the cases of the solid substances), so that the results are qualitatively accurate.

Jan 5, 1916

FRANCIS B. SILSBE,* Washington, D. C. (written discussion?). ?This paper is an interesting example of the -solution by the methods of metallography of what seemed at first a purely chemical problem. The authors have shown: in detail, how the well-known corrosion of spark-plug terminals is due to the dropping out of the individual crystals of the metal as it becomes surrounded by an oxide film. This corrosion is usually quite slow but in special cases may become a serious factor in limiting the life of spark plugs. There still remains the problem for the metallurgist to produce a material that will be entirely free from, this trouble. One of the most startling results of the work is. the demonstration that it affords of the deleterious effect of a mechanical stress continuously applied to material that is at the same time subject to adverse chemical or thermal conditions. The particular style of spark plug shown in the illustration, and in which serious trouble was caused by this corrosion, has the side terminals fastened at both ends and the method of assem-bling is such that a considerable initial tension is applied to the wire. It is without doubt this superimposed tension that causes the inter-crystal-line network to line up, as it were, into a few continuous and deeply penetrating transverse fissures instead of forming a great number of shallow surface cracks. This result is clearly shown both in the case of

Jan 11, 1919

By Harmon E. Keyes

Harmon E. Keyes (Chemical & Metallurgical Engineer, Eagar, Ariz.)-Chemical dissolution of chalcocite by acidic ferric sulfate is well known. Resulting elemental sulfur may be oxidized to sulfuric acid by heated ferric sulfate. Laboratory tests at Southwest Experiment Station, USBM, Tucson, generally confirmed stoichiometric relations of 1 part Cu dissolved to 1.750 parts ferric iron reduced, using CP chemicals, dried ore samples, and apparatus cleaned with potable water. Recirculation with open-drainage percolation to increase copper in leaching solvent was followed successfully when appropriate, both in laboratory and Pinto Valley pilot tests. Before 1924 attempts to produce ferric sulfate by aerating ferrous sulfate solution were known. Initial oxidation was satisfactory, but rate slowed below practicality as oxidation progressed and acidity increased. Also, due to hydrolysis of ferric sulfate, a ferric precipitate of hydroxide and basic sulfate resulted. Both laboratory and pilot plant tests gave similar results, regardless of whether CP ferrous sulfate or scrap iron cementation discard solution was used. Rapid oxidation of ferrous hydroxide by air alone is well known to analytical chemists. I demonstrated a process to produce acidic ferric sulfate solutions by precipitating ferrous hydroxide with milk of lime, aerat-

Jan 1, 1973

By Joseph P. Hodgson

JOSEPH P. HODGSON.-As to ".Safety First," I did not deal with that, but I will say that in 1913, the number of .men killed was nine, and that year the "safety first" program was commenced; the next year, 1914, the number was reduced to five. In 1915, I am pleased to say that the number was reduced to two in the Copper Queen's entire property, and we have none so far this year. THE CHAIRMAN (G. F. G. HERMAN, Bisbee, Ariz.).-I can say, further, that we have from eight to nineteen men per month incapacitated for more than 14 days. Those are classified in this State as serious accidents. The number of men injured has apparently increased, -but that is clue to our improved method of recording and classifying accidents, no matter how slight. C. W. GOODALE, Butte, Mont.-The importance of cooperation among the members of the staff of an industrial organization is well brought out by Mr..Hodgson's paper.

Jan 12, 1916

By Howard N. Eavenson

In 1926 the Clover Splint Coal Co. acquired a lease on 1793 acres of coal lands situated in Harlan County, Ky. about two miles above the end of the Clover Fork Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad at Louellen. This property contains several coal seams near the foot of the mountain, which are excellent coal but too thin to be very attractive now, and carries about 968 acres of the High Splint seam 1375 ft. vertically above the stream and slightly more than three-fourth mile from it. This High Splint seam produces a high percent- age of large lump, is very low in ash and sulphur, stands transportation and stocking exceedingly well and has an excellent reputation as a high-grade domestic bituminous coal. To develop this tract it was necessary to build an extension of the railroad slightly over two miles long, and, in addition to the usual mining equipment and machinery, to build enough houses, with the necessary store and other buildings, to accommodate all of the employees. The topography made construction expensive, so that it was important to keep the cost as low as possible, in order that the proposition might be financially attractive.

Jan 1, 1932

By E. T. Cox

WHILe engaged, in the year 1856, in determining the oil-bearing properties of some bituminous coals from Western Kentucky, by subjecting them to dry distillation in an iron retort, which held about a pint;, and to the neck of which were attached several bottles, for collecting the carbon oils, and washing and measuring the gas, I observed that there was a very great gain in the weight of coke thus made, over that obtained from the same coal when charred in a platinum crucible, as is usual in the laboratory for making the proximate analysis of coal. It was thought at the time that the increase of coke, by the former mode of treating the coal, was due to the pressure which the retarded gas exerted upon the solid carbon, and the possible fixing of a portion of the carbon from the volatile hydrocarbons. For the purpose of obtaining a more definite idea of the effects of pressure on the coking of coals, a series of experiments were made this spring under my direction, by my assistant, Dr. G. M. Levete. The results are highly instructive and full of interest, since they point out some peculiarities in the nature of bituminous coals which

By C. H. Jacoby

Since salt, sodium chloride, is an essential mineral to animals and humans alike, the delineation of the salt deposits of the world has been continuous from prehistoric times. As man explores deeper into the crust of the earth, particularly in search of petroleum, numerous new deposits of salt have been recorded. This paper deals with the factors that equate the current economic value of a salt deposit. The value of a salt deposit is not only determined by the chemical purity of the sodium chloride, but also the method of extraction to be used, the use of the product, and/or the use of the deposit. Salt is basically an inexpensive industrial commodity where large tonnages must be available to conduct a successful mining operation. Therefore, not only must the deposit contain these large tonnages, but also it must be accessible and transported as low cost freight to a large market. The geological environmental conditions surrounding the deposit must be such that it will be conducive to low cost mining operations. These conditions include not only the depth, size, shape, and internal structure of the deposit, but also the characteristics and extent of the overlying ground water.

Jan 1, 1973