Search Documents

For the first time in its history the Institute will hold a meeting in the State of Arizona. A few years ago Arizona stood third in the copper-producing districts of the United States. Since that time, with the development of porphyry mines, the output has gone up with great rapidity until it not only is the leading district, but its output at the present time is at the rate of nearly double the Montana output, which now stands second in the list. In connection with this .development, most interesting departures have been made in methods -of mining, concentration and smelting. Principles of mining and metallurgy of the greatest interest will be covered by papers which will' appear in the Bulletin and be presented at Technical Sessions, while ample opportunity will be afforded for those who go to the meeting to see all the points of interest .to them. In addition, members will be well rewarded by the marvelous natural features to be seen on the trip, including 'the petrified forests, the cliff dwellings on the Apache Trail and the Grand Canyon of Arizona. It is planned to start the special train from New York, but members and guests may join the special at other points en route as indicated by the following schedule: ITINERARY . , Thursday, September 14th Lv New York, Grand Central Terminal.. ............... 5.30 p. m. Dinner in dining car a la carte New England Members via B. & A. R. R. . Lv Boston. ............. (Regular train). ............. 2.00 p. m. Lv Worcester. ........... (Regular train). ............. 3.12 p. m. , Lv Springfield. ........... (Regular train). ............. 4.37 p. m. Dinner in Dining Car a la carte Ar Albany.. ......... .New York Central R. R.. ....... 7.45 p. m. Lv Albany .......................................... 9.00p.m. Lv Schenectady.. .................................... 9.32 p. m. Lv Utica ............................................ 11.08~.

Jan 8, 1916

By S. W. MEALS

TWENTY million people in this country and Canada in nearly four million homes can give thanks to our Creator for natural gas, that most wonderful natural fuel with which Dame Nature has so bountifully blessed us. It is a clean, healthy and cheerful fuel, made up almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen. There is no residue, no waste and there are no objectionable constituents; an ideal fuel for the home. It operates like magic, open the valve and it is there for your needs, winter or summer, night or day. You are not required to place your order 30 to 90 days in advance and you do not need to pay for your winter's supply in advance. No ashes to worry about, no flues or chimneys to clean, nor kindling wood to store or bother the housekeeper. We who have been so blessed do not realize what it would mean to be without it. If in place of opening a valve we had to go to the woodshed or coalhouse and then build our fire-carry out the ashes-well, some of us I am afraid would be late reaching our offices and perhaps would miss our hot cakes for breakfast. One cubic foot of gas produced from the White Sand formation contains 1130 B.t.u. and weighs 47/1000 lb.; there are about 24,000 B.t.u. in 1 lb. of gas. Temperatures of over 3400 deg. Fahr. have been obtained with natural gas. Not only is it a superior fuel for the home but it has no equal for use in many large manufacturing industries, especially with the making of glass, pottery and open-hearth steel. In an open-hearth furnace, properly constructed, 5000 cu. ft. will melt one ton of steel. It requires 1/3 ton of bituminous coal gasified in a producer to do the same work, or about 40 gal. of tar or fuel oil, or 11,000 cu. ft. of by-product gas.

Jan 1, 1926

By HAROLD VINTON COES

MANAGEMENT has been tersely defined as getting things done through the efforts of other people; but before we proceed further, let us distinguish between administration, management, and organization. Oliver Sheldon in his book, "The Philosophy of Management," offers the following definitions: Administration is the function in industry concerned in the determination of the corporate policy, the co-ordination of finance, production, and distribution, the settlement of the compass of the organization, and the ultimate control of the executive.

Jan 1, 1943

By AIME AIME

BEGINNING Thursday, July 16, the National Broadcasting Co. is broadcasting from 6:30 to 6:45 p.m., over its nationwide network and possibly also by short wave a series of eleven radio programs dealing with the contributions of engineers to the prosecution of the war. The series is being arranged and sponsored by a committee of representatives of the national engineering societies, R. L. Sackett, chairman. The committee began its deliberations before Pearl Harbor and had scripts under way on blackouts, bombs, and damage to structures. The declaration of war emphasized the importance of the proposed radio program. The National Broadcasting Co. and the Office of Civilian Defense enthusiastically endorsed the committee's proposal and have been generous in their help and approval of scripts so far submitted. Controversial matters are included in the broadcasts and changes will be made when requested by O.C.D. up to the minute that a program goes on the air. In this way the latest and authoritative information will be given.

Jan 1, 1942

By Rossiter W. Raymond

(Chattanooga Meeting, October, INS.) THE formal outline of Mr. Hague's life and work is embraced in the following statement, chiefly based upon data furnished by him, at my request, shortly before his death. At that time the probability that I would survive to record his death was apparently small; but I urged upon him the duty of providing, whether for me or for my successor as Secretary of the Institute, trustworthy material for the notice which somebody would some day have to write-and which might otherwise be incomplete or incorrect. Mr. Hague, with characteristic promptness and freedom from affectation, did what I asked of him; and I am therefore . able to present an authoritative sketch-concerning the details of which I shall add my own comments, and some particulars obtained from others of his personal friends. James Duncan Hague was born Feb..24, 1836, at Boston, Mass., where his father, Rev. William Hague, D.D., an eminent clergyman, then resided. After a preliminary, education in private. schools, be studied in 1854 at the, Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University; in 1855 and 1856 at the University of Göttingen, Hanover; and from 1856 to 1858 at the Royal Mining Academy of Freiberg, Saxony. In 1859-1861 he was attached as chemist to a South Sea exploring expedition, sent by W. H. Webb, of New York, to examine Jarvis, Baker, and other islands for phosphate-deposits. After the outbreak of the Civil War, he entered the U. S. Navy, serving for a year as Judge Advocate to the fleet stationed at Port Royal, S. C. In 1863 he became Superintendent of the Albany and Boston copper-mine, in the Lake Superior region, where he was also connected with the earliest development of the Calumet and Hecla property. In 1867 he became the First Assistant Geologist in Clarence King's famous Exploration of

Feb 1, 1909

On the preceding pages, operations of the four major producers of nickel today have been described. There are, however, other operations in the world that, while not as large, are still of importance to the over-all picture of the industry. Among these are the Finnish producer, Outokumpu Oy, a state-controlled company that operates the Kotlahti mine 200 miles northeast of Helsinki. The ore from this operation, which began production in 1959, is pentlandite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite, occurring as disseminations in the host rock and in breccias. The flowsheet of the 1500-tpd mill at Kotlahti follows standard practices of crushing, grinding, and flotation to produce a pentlandite-pyrrhotite concentrate and a copper concentrate, both of which are shipped to the smelter at Harjavalta.

Jan 10, 1968

By William Paxton Hewitt

Mineral deposits of western Utah and eastern and central Nevada have produced in excess of $8,500,000,000 since 1871. Through 1965, Bingham Canyon had produced over $4,600,000,000 and seven other camps over $100,000,000 each, principally from base metals. In addition, they yield iron and uranium ores; contain the world's largest beryllium reserves; and have produced the United States' most important gold discovery in 25 years. The area is famous for its silver production and its bonanza-type precious metal deposits, but such production has become unimportant. The area's greatest producers of metallic wealth are base-metal deposits in limestones and porphyry-type copper ores. In contrast to silver's decline, gold production has been rising-the result of by-product operations at Bingham Canyon. The area also contains gold deposits in which the gold is so finely disseminated it is not recoverable by panning. The area's gold ores frequently are associated with realgar, cinnabar, and carbon. The ore deposits generally are attributed to Tertiary intrusives,* but, at Mountain City, they may be related to Paleozoic volcanism. Mountain City has yielded rich chalcocite from quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite bodies in siliceous sediments. Regional stratigraphy and structure are difficult to interpret, 69 per cent of the area being obscured by alluvium or volcanics. In general, central Nevada consists of chert, shale, silty sandstones, lavas, and pyroclastics; eastern Nevada and western Utah of many alternations of limestone, shale, and sandstone. Central Nevada has been structurally active since late Devonian. Although granitic stocks may have intruded eastern Nevada and western Utah prior to the Cretaceous, these areas remained quite stable until affected by the Laramide Revolution. Precambrian exposures, occupying 3 per cent of the area, have not been important hosts. However, the question is raised as to whether Precambrian carbonates, properly situated with respect to invading mineralizers, might yet prove to be important. This paper describes 16 precious metal camps, 6 limestone replacement districts, 2 silver-base metal vein deposits, and 9 miscellaneous types and discusses briefly the 11 * Some ores, as at Ely, are associated with intrusives of. Cretaceous age. major camps that are described in detail in this Volume.

Jan 1, 1968

By N. H. Harrison, J. K. Rodgers, S. Regier

This paper presents comparisons of data obtained from a laboratory reservoir study and from a calculated behavior prediction with the actual production history of a condensate reservoir. A small non-commercial discovery was depleted under closely controlled conditions and the well fluids were sampled at frequent intervals. Data on the reservoir and production variables were accumulated on a fixed schedule. A laboratory reservoir study war made using the initial well fluid samples as charging stock. The production procedures and operating conditions were held constant throughout the study wherever possible and in general paralleled the field work. The well fluid compositions and the cumulative recoveries ar a function of the reservoir pressure were also calculated using conventional flash vaporization procedures and equilibrium constants. Comparisons based on the composition of the well fluid show good agreement, the laboratory study agreeing within experimental accuracy with the field work and the calculated data comparing equally well. The gas-oil ratios are also in good agreement, but with somewhat greater deviations at the higher pressures. In the overall picture, it is believed that a model st,~tiy can predict within experimental accuracy the production history of a condensate reservoir. Better equilibrium constants for the heavier hydrocarbons are needed in order to attain improved composition accuracy by calculation. INTRODUCTION In Aug., 1955, a gas condensate well was completed in San Juan County, Utah, that was initially thought capable of good commercial production. These conclusions were derived principally from core data and electric logs, which indicated good permeability, porosity and gas content. However, after the usual series of potential tests it was found that the reservoir pressure had declined some 22 per cent, and it was obvious that the zone tapped was but a small pocket or trap. It became apparent that, with a controlled depletion of a small reservoir, a unique opportunity was available to compare laboratory and calculated studies with an actual field depletion and to further the present knowledge of condensate reservoirs. FIELD WORK The Coalbed Canyon Well No. 1 was conventionally completed in the Paradox limestone formation to a total depth of 5,912 ft. The producing zone from 5,762 to 5,806 ft was perforated with four jet shots per ft. The wellhead and field equipment were also conventional, the major items consisting of a two-pass indirect fired line heater, a high- and a low-pressure separator with the necessary controls and accessories, gas meters, back-pressure regulators, flare stacks and condensate stock tanks. The initial testing of this well con-sisted of a series of flow potential and pressure build-up tests during which some 30 MMcf of gas was produced. The reservoir pressure declined from an estimated 2,300 to 1,782 psig during this period, from which it was concluded that the reservoir was very small. In order to approach steady-state conditions in the reservoir and so provide optimum conditions for making comparisons, the field depletion was programmed to approach, if possible, constant production conditions. Bi-hourly readings were taken of the tubing pressure, the pressure and temperature of the separators, oil and gas rates, and other pertinent operating data. The gas rate, as indicated by the orifice meter, was held constant by the adjustment of the choke in the line heater. The temperature of the first stage separator was held constant by adjustment of the line heater jacket temperature. Practical considerations of production made the maintenance oi a constant gas rate impossible. The test started with a gas rate of 4 MMcf/D and a separator pressure of 250 psig. This rate was maintained until the choke was fully opened. The gas rate then declined with the falling tubing pressure and production was continued until the rate was about 2

By K. P. Gupta

The Cb-rich boundary of the (Cb,Al) a phase field at 1250OC is near 41 pct Al. The Al atoms tend to occupy the C. N. 12 sites in this structure. A homologous (Ta,Al)a phase was identified. No a phase was found in the Mo-Al system at 1200°C. The first binary o-phase with a non-transition element as a major component was found1,2 in the Cb-Al system. The composition of this phase was reported2 as approximately 34 at. pct Al, based on X-ray diffraction patterns taken of alloys in the as-cast condition. Further study of the composition of this o-phase, therefore, appeared desirable. Since Si was previously found3,4 to occupy preferentially the lowest C.N. sites (I and IV) in the a phase, and preliminary resultsa indicated that Al may show similar ordering, one of the aims of the present work was to obtain more complete information on ordering in (Cb, Al) o. Among the binary systems of Al with Ti-, V-, and Cr-group elements, the Ti-Al, Zr-Al, V-Al, and Cr-Al systems are known to comprise no o-phase. In the present work a Ta-Al and a Mo-Al alloy were studied in an effort to find additional o phases with Al as a major component. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND RESULTS An alloy with the intended composition of Ta + 40 at. pct Al was prepared by arc melting in He atmosphere. In both the as-cast condition and after annealing for 10 days at 1250°C and quenching in cold water this alloy consisted of two phases, as seen in the X-ray pattern and the microstructure. One of these phases was identified as the o-phase; the observed and calculated d-spacings are shown in Table I. The lattice parameters of this o-phase are a = 9.972 A, c = 5.214 A and c/a =0.5228, as determined from a Debye-Scherrer pattern using Fe K a radiation. The d-spacings for the unknown second phase are given in Table 11. The alloy contained approximately 25 pct of the unknown phase after annealing, as estimated on the basis of microscopic examination. A Mo-Al alloy was prepared by arc melting, with an intended Al-content of 35 at. pct. The alloy button was annealed for 7 days at 1200°C and water quenched. The X-ray pattern of the alloy in both the as-cast and the annealed state showed the reflections of Mo3Al (Cr30 type structure) and an unknown phase different from a. Six Cb-Al alloys were prepared in the composition range 30 to 50 pct Al. All alloys were arc melted in He atmosphere. After annealing for three days at 1175oC in evacuated silica capsules and quenching in water, the alloys with 30 to 40 pct Al contained three phases, namely the o-phase, Cb3Al (Cr3O-type structure) and an unknown phase. The alloys with more than 40 pct Al contained two phases, namely, what appeared metallographically, the o-phase and the same unknown phase. In the alloys containing less that 38 pct Al, the unknown phase was not present after annealing for 4 days at 1250°c,

Jan 1, 1962

By H. T. Hildage

ALTHOUGH Greater New York does not bear any resemblance to a great mining district, the mining operations that are being conducted in and about the city are both extensive and interesting in character. With regard to the extent, it may be mentioned that, at. present, there is more dynamite used in New York than in any mining district in the United States; that there are under construction about 38 miles of tunnel, and that 66 miles more are projected, most of which must be constructed in the near future ; that since 1902 at least 2,000,000 tons of earth has been removed in underground work, in addition to about 3,500,000 tons that has been removed in, open-cut in connection with tunnel-work, and many times this quantity that has been removed in excavating foundations for buildings not connected with tunnel-work; and that there are to-day probably more than 5,000 men engaged in mining-work in and about New York City. These undertakings include almost every operation connected with underground work, from exploration by means of trench and boring, to the sinking of large shafts and the driving of large tunnels through every kind of ground from hard rock to soft, semi-fluid silt and quicksand. It is proposed in this paper to give a general description of some of the methods and appliances used in the opening-up ,of a "mine" in a large city, and a brief description of some of the "mines" now being developed in New York, connecting as far as possible the methods described with the particular work for which they were designed, in order to give a general idea of the

May 1, 1907

The selection of a particular machine for production drilling is the most critical drill evaluation the pit engineer is called upon to make. It is a true engineering design problem requiring value judgments. Generally, the procedure follows these steps: (1) Determine and specify the conditions under which the machine will be used, including such service factors as labor, site, weather, etc. (2) State the objectives for the rock-breakage phases of the production cycle of operations--considering excavation and haulage restrictions, crushing capacity, production quota, and pit geometry-in terms of tonnage, fragmentation, throw, etc. (3) On the basis of blasting requirements, design the drill-hole pattern (hole size and depth, in- clination, burden, spacing, etc.) (4) Determine the drillability factors and select the drilling methods which appear feasible for the kind of rock anticipated. (5) Specify the operating variables for each system under study, considering drill, rod, bit and circulation fluid factors. (6) Estimate and compare performance parameters, including costs. Major cost items are bits, drill depreciation, labor, maintenance, power and fluids. (7) Select the drilling system that best satisfies all requirements with the lowest over-all cost.

Jan 10, 1967

By R. E. Allen, A. C. Jephson

ELECTROLYTIC zinc plants of the American Smelting and Refining Co. are located adjacent to the present city limits of Corpus Christi, Texas. The original plant commenced operations during 1942, and is designed for the production of special high grade zinc from zinc sulfide concentrates.' Subsequent changes include the erection of an additional acid plant during 1950, and additions for increased generating and production capacity during 1951. New Electrolytic Plant—The new electrolytic plant is a separate unit erected for the treatment of densified fume produced at Asarco plants located in El Paso, Texas and Chihuahua, Mexico. Construction was completed and operation commenced during June, 1953. Decision for the erection of a separate plant for the treatment of densified fume is based on several factors. One of the principal reasons is the assurance of continued production rate of the original plant, which might have been jeopardized by combined treatment of calcine and fume. Of equal importance is the advantage of locating a plant on a site with adequate space for eventual expansion. General Description—The new plant for the treatment of densified fume consists of four main buildings for the following operations: storage and grinding of fume, leaching and purification, electrolyzing and casting, and rectifier units. Auxiliary buildings include a baghouse, reagent storage, and a lunch room. Leaching of ground fume with electrolyte from the cells is a batch type operation in tanks equipped with mechanical agitators and weightometers. Completed leaches are pressure filtered, the resultant residue being recovered for shipment to El Paso by conventional use of thickeners, drum type vacuum filters, and a direct-fired dryer. Filtrates from the filter section are purified in mechanically agitated tanks, filtered after completion through plate and frame presses, and then pumped to an evaporative type cooling tower. Solution discharged from the basin of the cooling tower is collected in storage tanks for use in the cells. The cool purified solutions are pumped as required from storage to the solution circuit for circulation of electrolyte through the cells. Except for the addition of purified feed solution and withdrawal of electrolyte for leaching, the circulating system for the cells is essentially a closed continuous circuit that includes the use of evaporative cooling towers for control of solution temperatures. Aluminum cathodes and Ag-Pb anodes are used for electrolysis, which is maintained at a current density of about 82 amp per sq ft. Cathode zinc produced is melted in a gas-fired reverberatory furnace and then cast into slabs on a straight line casting machine. Unloading and Storage—Fume produced by the Chihuahua plant is shipped in box cars, and fume by the El Paso plant in hopper bottom dump cars. Shipments as received are weighed on a 7 5-ton capacity railroad scale, sampled, and then moved over one of the two unloading hoppers with a car puller. The cars are then unloaded with mechanized equipment, a car scoop being used for unloading of box cars and a car shaker for the hopper bottom cars

Jan 1, 1958

By D. G. F. Hedley, D. F. Coates, K. Barron

INTRODUCTION Preceding papers presented in this symposium have considered the influence of various parameters, such as geologic structure, groundwater, etc., on the stability of rock slopes and have given some analyses and guide lines for slope design. To carry out such analyses it is necessary to put numbers to these parameters; where possible, this is best done on the basis of in- situ observation and measurement. Since none of the design analyses can be considered exact and since conditions vary during excavation, it is also desirable to monitor the behaviour of the slopes as the excavation proceeds. In this manner a feedback of information on the actual excavation conditions can allow a continuous reassessment of the design parameters to be made and can give early warning of incipient failures. The purpose of instrumenting rock slopes is thus to provide information which fits into one of two categories: (a) To give basic data to assist on-site assessment and design of the rock excavation. (b) To provide data for the control and assessment of safety during excavation. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly some of the instruments and measuring techniques available for gathering this data and to indicate where such data may prove useful. This is not a comprehensive review of all available instrumentation but, rather, is a survey of some of the instruments and techniques with which the authors have had some experience and which have proven useful. STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENT Whilst most structural assessment of a site is done on the basis of geologic mapping and core examination, there exists some instrumentation which can, in particular circumstances, assist in this assessment. Seismic instruments can be used to determine the geometry of formations and to give an indication of the relative competency of rocks. These instruments operate using seismic reflection or refraction techniques and, although mainly confined to shallow sub-surface exploration, can be useful in distinguishing between soil/ bedrock contacts and, in some cases, the extent of weathered surface rock.

Jan 1, 1971

By MARSHALL D. DRAPER

THERE are said to be about 150 operating companies in Kotchiu, most of these being small, corresponding in degree to lessees in western mines in the United States. Of the total number there are probably forty large companies having their own smelting plants equipped with one or two furnaces, slag crushing plant and other accessory equipment. A few plants, not more than ten, do custom smelting. There are in all about fifty smelting plants in Kotchiu. With little variation, the equipment and methods are the same. The plant usually consists of two furnaces, one being in operation while the other is being relined 01- re- paired. An adjoining house contains one or more of the large buffalo-drawn Chilean mills for crushing slag. A few houses for the working coolies, with more pretentious ones for the owners, complete the establishment, the whole being surrounded by a compound wall 8 ft. high.

Jan 1, 1931

By Günter Petzow, Siegfried Steeb

DURING an investigation of the U-Co-A1, U-Ir-A1, and U-Ni-A1 ternary systems, three previously unknown phases have been identified which correspond to the phases UCoA1, UIrA1, and UNiA1, and which be- long to the C22 (Fe2P) type (P 6 2m). In the following the structure determination of the new ternary phases is reported. The alloys have been prepared in an arc furnace under purified argon from 99.97 wt pct U, 99.83 wt pct Co, 99.99 wt pct Al, 99.95 wt pct Ni, and 99.97 wt pct Ir. The pellets obtained were bright and brittle; chemical analyses agreed with the nominal compositions. To obtain equilibrium, the samples were annealed in evacuated quartz capsules at 950°C for 30 hr and then quenched in water. Guinier photographs were processed and evaluated according to a method already described previously.1,2 The hkl's, measured and calculated sin2 6 values, and in the case of UCoAl only calculated and estimated intensities, are given in Tables I to 111. Lattice parameters refined according to the least-squares method and the respective mean-square variations are presented in Table IV. Lattice parameters, especially the c/a ratio, lead to the assumption that the three phases are crystallizing in the C22-type structure. For the calculation of the intensities given in Table I, the atomic positions recently reported by wyckoff3 have been accepted for the C22 (Fe2P) type. The uranium atoms were assumed to be in phosphorus sites; furthermore the scattering amplitudes of the boron atoms have been averaged in the stoichiometric formula UB2 according to atomic percentages; i.e., for these atoms a statistical distribution on the iron sites was assumed. The two smallest distances between a uranium and

Jan 1, 1967

By J. B. Dilworth

OUTCROPS of coal have bees discovered is many localities is the Philippine archipelago, and practically all of the larger islands contain deposits of this mineral. Very little prospecting has been done to determine the value of the various coal-bearing areas, but so far as known, the largest and most promising fields are found : (1) is northern Cebu; (2) is the small island of Batan, a part of the province of Albay is southeasten Luzon; (3) is the somewhat larger island of Polillo, off the east coast of Luzon, and (4) is southern Mindoro, sear the small coast tows of Bulalacao. Northern Panay, south-central Cebu, and various localities is southern Luzon, Masbate, Negros, and Mindanao also afford evidences of the existence of coal-beds, the extent and value of which have not yet bees proved. The general position of these islands and districts is shows on the map of a portion of the Philippine Islands, Fig. 1. Some of these coal-fields have been known for many years (coal was discovered is Cebu 1827 and is Batas is 1842),1 and several futile attempts were made by the Spaniards to operate mines is these districts. But owing to many circumstances, chief among which were indifferent management, the political unrest of the islands, natural difficulties of transportation, and those inherent in the mining of steeply-inclined and somewhat irregular seams, no considerable output was ever obtained from any of these mines, and the fuel required is the many departments of industrial and political life has continued to be drawn largely from Australia and Japan. These conditions exist to a great degree at present, and though much interest is the coal-deposits of the Philippines

Jan 1, 1909

By Matti J. Saarivirta

Two new precipitation hardening copper-base alloys, Cu-1.5pct Ti-2.5 pct Sn and Cu-1.5 pct Ti-2.5 pct Sn-0.4 pct Cr were developed. High strength and medium conductivity are obtained by solution annealing and subsequent heat treatment. Combination of solution annealing, cold working, and heat treatment increases the strength further. Good elevated temperature strength and ductility makes these alloys superior to copper-beryllium-cobalt alloys. A considerable amount of research work is being done throughout the world to develop new and improved copper-base alloys. In many cases, the object is to develop alloys having a combination of high electrical and thermal conductivities, and high strength. The problem is complicated by the fact that any alloying element added to increase strength, invariably decreases conductivity. Among the few commercial precipitation hardening type copper-base alloys, the Cu-Be-Co alloys are best known. These alloys are used in many applications that require good spring characteristics cornbined with high strength and moderately high electrical conductivity. They can be formed readily after solution annealing, then heat treated to obtain high strength and conductivity. Because of the relatively high cost of the Cu-Be-Co alloys, considerable research has been aimed at developing new lower cost alloys having similar properties. As far as is known today, the binary Cu-Ti alloy is the only one whose properties are

Jan 1, 1962

By John O. Farmer

The wire-line tubing perforator is a mechanically operated tool that is run on an ordinary steel measuring line into the tubing of a well, under pressure, to drive into the wall of the tubing, and securely lock in place, a tapered, cylindrical insert containing an orifice. Use of the perforator obviates the necessity of pulling and rerunning the tubing to install jet collars or flow valves, reduces the cost, and simplifies the task, of placing an oil well on gas-lift operation. More important, however, is the use of the tool with a removable check valve and stop, to provide a means of washing drilling mud from the annulus between the tubing and casing, and to complete the well for gas lift operation without exposing the producing formation to the mud column and without moving the tubing string. This paper discusses the origin, development, and mechanics of the wire-line perforator, the various purposes for which the tool was designed, and the method of selecting orifice sizes for any depth, and gives the results obtained thus far in practical application. Origin and Development Several years ago, a tool that could be lowered on an ordinary steel measuring line into the tubing of a well under pressure was designed and constructed for the purpose of punching a hole in the tubing walls above a shale bridge that had completely plugged the tubing of a well in the Long Lake field, East Texas. The well was in a low, swampy area, which excessive rainfall had caused to be in- accessible by car or truck for about four months. The only equipment at the well site consisted of an ordinary steel wire line that had been carried there to measure the depth of the bridge. Since a pulling unit could not be moved to the well site, and as the pressure on the casing was 2100 lb. per sq. in., it became apparent that the only way out of the predicament was to make a perforating tool that could be lowered into the tubing on a measuring line and operated under Pressure. Thus, the first wire-line tubing perforator was designed and built as an expedient, and was not used extensively until it had been redesigned to meet more frequent and increasingly urgent needs. Until recently, it was necessary to pull the tubing to install jet collars or flow the when a well was to be placed On gas lift. Because most companies either maintained or had access to pulling units and crews for this work, little or no thought had been given to eliminating or even simplifying this task. When the manpower and steel shortage became so acute, however, many operators suddenly found themselves without facilities to equip their wells for gas lifting. The wireline tubing perforator already had been tried and proved successful, therefore operators immediately requested its use to punch gas-jet holes in the tubing, to eliminate the pulling and running of tubing strings. The first deficiency revealed by more general use of the perforator lay in the inability to regulate the size of the hole punched through the tubing. The size could not be controlled to any degree of

Jan 1, 1946

By John O. Farmer

The wire-line tubing perforator is a mechanically operated tool that is run on an ordinary steel measuring line into the tubing of a well, under pressure, to drive into the wall of the tubing, and securely lock in place, a tapered, cylindrical insert containing an orifice. Use of the perforator obviates the necessity of pulling and rerunning the tubing to install jet collars or flow valves, reduces the cost, and simplifies the task, of placing an oil well on gas-lift operation. More important, however, is the use of the tool with a removable check valve and stop, to provide a means of washing drilling mud from the annulus between the tubing and casing, and to complete the well for gas lift operation without exposing the producing formation to the mud column and without moving the tubing string. This paper discusses the origin, development, and mechanics of the wire-line perforator, the various purposes for which the tool was designed, and the method of selecting orifice sizes for any depth, and gives the results obtained thus far in practical application. Origin and Development Several years ago, a tool that could be lowered on an ordinary steel measuring line into the tubing of a well under pressure was designed and constructed for the purpose of punching a hole in the tubing walls above a shale bridge that had completely plugged the tubing of a well in the Long Lake field, East Texas. The well was in a low, swampy area, which excessive rainfall had caused to be in- accessible by car or truck for about four months. The only equipment at the well site consisted of an ordinary steel wire line that had been carried there to measure the depth of the bridge. Since a pulling unit could not be moved to the well site, and as the pressure on the casing was 2100 lb. per sq. in., it became apparent that the only way out of the predicament was to make a perforating tool that could be lowered into the tubing on a measuring line and operated under Pressure. Thus, the first wire-line tubing perforator was designed and built as an expedient, and was not used extensively until it had been redesigned to meet more frequent and increasingly urgent needs. Until recently, it was necessary to pull the tubing to install jet collars or flow the when a well was to be placed On gas lift. Because most companies either maintained or had access to pulling units and crews for this work, little or no thought had been given to eliminating or even simplifying this task. When the manpower and steel shortage became so acute, however, many operators suddenly found themselves without facilities to equip their wells for gas lifting. The wireline tubing perforator already had been tried and proved successful, therefore operators immediately requested its use to punch gas-jet holes in the tubing, to eliminate the pulling and running of tubing strings. The first deficiency revealed by more general use of the perforator lay in the inability to regulate the size of the hole punched through the tubing. The size could not be controlled to any degree of

Jan 1, 1946

By Thomas Leonard Watson

SULPHIDE ore-bodies of more or less lenticular shape occurring in metamorphic crystalline schists, gneisses, and. slates, and conforming closely in strike and usually in dip to the inclosing rock, have been recognized and described along the, Atlantic seaboard from Quebec to Alabama. The ore-bodies do not entirely conform, in all cases, to the structure of the inclosing schists, but they sometimes cut across the foliation in dip, though conforming more closely with the direction of strike. In composition the principal sulphide mineral is usually pyrite or pyrrhotite; or both, accompanied by copper, frequently gold, and almost always some sphalerite and galenite. Other. metallic ores are, so far as these sulphide bodies have been investigated, less common; silver is not uncommon, and in some of the pyrrhotite masses nickel is present in quantity sufficient to be commercially valuable. Cobalt frequently accompanies .the nickel, usually in smaller amount, and the two vary much in relative proportion. Quartz and calcite are probably the most common of the, non-metallic minerals. A number of silicate minerals are frequent representatives in one place or another; garnet, amphibole, biotite, pyroxene, zoisite and others. The sulphide bodies of Virginia, comprising both pyrite and pyrrhotite, are among the most extensive along the Atlantic seaboard. Among the pyrite bodies may be mentioned the well-known and extensively worked mines of Louisa and Prince William, counties, located on' the main pyrite belt (A, Fig. 1) of the middle and northern, eastern Piedmont region in Virginia, and among the pyrrhotite bodies is the famous " Great Gossan Lead "(B, Fig. 1) of the Floyd-Carroll-Graysou coun-

Sep 1, 1907