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With unprecedented worldwide growth and increasing global demand for energy expected to swell by 60 per-cent in the next two decades, mining matters as much now, if not more, than it ever has. This was the consensus at the 110th Annual National Western Mining Conference presented by the Colorado Mining Association, Feb. 12-14 at the Westin Hotel in Denver, CO. The role of coal ? America?s most abundant energy source ? the future of uranium and its possible resurgence in the energy marketplace, the skyrocketing value of gold as well as the issues of health, safety, climate change, legislation and government?s role in mining were all discussed during the three-day conference that operated under the banner of ?Mining Matters.? Barbara Filas, chairperson of the 110th National Western Mining Conference, president of Knight Piesold Co. and former SME president, welcomed the record crowd with an inspiring speech in which she pointed out that although ?most normal folks don?t know what role mining plays in their everyday life, mining does matter. ?Our industry,? she said, ?matters to Colorado. It matters to Colorado because it is a $3-billion industry. It matters to the 13,000 people who are employed directly or indirectly by the industry and it matters to schools that receive more than half of the royalties that are generated by mining.? During discussions of mining?s place in Colorado, the western United States and the world, special attention was paid to coal, uranium and the future of energy. ?It is time to rethink our perceptions about coal,? said Mark A. Smith, president and chief executive officer of Chevron Mining Inc. He spoke during the opening reception in a presentation titled, ?Coal to Liquids: Bridging America?s Energy Gap.? Although coal is America?s most abundant, and cheapest energy source, it is also one of the most scrutinized because of the pollution it causes and recent, and heavily publicized, tragedies that have claimed the lives of some who mine it.

Jan 1, 2008

By Daniel Journeaux

Introduction Daniel Journeaux is President of Janod Incorporated. Janod is a family owned and operated company that has been working in the field of slope stabilization since 1970. Daniel has worked in the rock stabilization industry for 25 years and has been President of Janod since 1992. Daniel has been an invited speaker for the Federal Highways Administration for the Northwest and Southwest divisions, Queens University in Kingston Ontario, The University of Laval, Vulcan Materials Company, CSX annual meeting for the Northeast Division. Daniel has written several articles and has been published in Pit and Quarry, World Tunneling, and American Shotcrete Association magazines. What is Required to Remediate Highwalls There are several techniques available to stabilize highwalls or temporary rock walls to allow for safe mining practices. The following are some of the techniques that can economically be used.

Jan 1, 2005

By James Corcoran, Richard McLane, Matt Neuner, Joseph DeMello, Hugh Davies

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro) Purple Line Extension Section 1 (PLE1) is a $3.12 billion USD design-build, underground heavy rail project, connecting an existing station at Wilshire Blvd. and Western Ave. and extending 3.92 miles under Wilshire Blvd, terminating approximately 550 feet west of Wilshire and La Cienega Blvds. The project alignment runs immediately adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits, world renowned for Pleistocene fossils and continuous seepage of asphaltum (locally known as tar) and gas in an urban setting. This paper presents a successful case history of the planning, design, and construction efforts to safely construct the bored tunnels through Reach 3 of the alignment (between Wilshire/Fairfax Station, and Wilshire/La Cienega Station), in a designated Methane Zone in the City of Los Angeles. Historical context on decades of challenges and studies is summarized. Further, this paper outlines the pro-active partnership between the Owner: LA Metro, the Design Builder: Skanska-Traylor-Shea Joint Venture, and geotechnical design services provided by Golder Associates to safely manage pressurized face tunneling through a confined gas zone near the La Brea Tar Pits. Specifically, a program of in-situ oxidation and soil gas extraction was designed to test and analyze risks associated with pressurized face TBM tunneling through the complex subsurface geological conditions, then implemented during construction. In advance of tunneling, a network of wells was used to draw air into the gas zone to oxidize the 6,500 ppm hydrogen sulfide gas, as well as determine methane recharge rate. During TBM tunneling, the wells were converted to a gas extraction system to evacuate, filter (H2S) and burn (CH4) the gas as the Tunnel Boring Machine passed, providing a preferential pathway for the gas to migrate toward extraction wells, and preventing the migration to adjacent buildings. The team extracted and treated 3,857,000 cubic feet of mostly methane gas over 40 days as the TBMs passed through the zone. Gas behavior, pressures, and concentrations were monitored not only from the extraction system, but also in basements and utility vaults along this section of the alignment.

Jun 13, 2023

By A. D. Davis

Naturally occurring arsenic has been detected in water from inactive mines and several wells in the Keystone area of the Black Hills. Keystone City Well #4 showed a total arsenic concentration of 69 parts per billion (ppb) during pumping in 2004. The well is not used currently except for arsenic-removal research. Water also can be pumped from a mine shaft in the abandoned Keystone ? Columbia ? Bullion gold mines, whose interconnected workings flooded after mining ceased in the 1930s. This water has been considered for local supplies, although it would require treatment or blending because of arsenic concentrations. According to historical records, the Bullion Mine produced 100,000 pounds of white arsenic. An aquifer test on the mine workings was performed at a pumping rate of about 550 gallons per minute. The arsenic concentration in pumped water was 33 ppb. In addition to wells within Keystone, samples from the water supply at nearby Mount Rushmore National Memorial have shown arsenic concentrations greater than 10 ppb, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency?s maximum contaminant level for arsenic in drinking water. Limestone-based technology for removal of arsenic from drinking water is an innovative and promising method that has been considered for treatment of water at Keystone. In batch testing with water from Keystone Well #4, limestone removed about 65% of arsenic from solution. A related problem of arsenic removal from drinking water involves disposal of the waste product, which is critical for commercial viability of removal technologies. Current research is investigating thermal stability of the waste in order to determine the potential for recycling of the material during manufacture of cement.

Jan 1, 2010

By Angelina Anani, Nilufer K. B. Akbulut, Sefiu O. Adewuyi

Crucial information about safety, design and operation from ground movement data can be utilized in underground mines. Communicating the information and exploring new findings can be a challenge, however, in a decade where there is an ever-increasing volume and velocity of data due to advancements in mining technologies. This challenge escalates for geotechnical data as they are multidimensional, depending on the space and the rate at which they take place. To tackle this challenge, geotechnical engineers should focus on using simple yet compelling visualization of rock mass data in 3D. Competent visualizations of ground conditions as a trigger action and response plan (TARP) could ease the communication of safety concerns and the exploration of rock mass displacement and strain surrounding an opening at an underground mine. Therefore, this study focuses on using scientific visualization methods by rendering geotechnical data over the surface of a 3D mesh model to display TARP levels. The study was conducted at the East Decline of the San Xavier (SX) Underground Mine, a laboratory mine operated by the University of Arizona. The project aims to produce visualizations that optimize the use of geotechnical data in near-real time.

Sep 1, 2025

By I. Nimmo

Since the beginning of Aluminum mining and refining the industry has lived with distributed control rooms and suffered from many behavioral problems common with this design. When Human Factor/Ergonomic design is introduced to a Western Australian installation a common centralized control room realized many improvements including economic payback. Communications issues were resolved, better coordination of materials, improved situation awareness during startups, abnormal operations and an opportunity to make improvements during normal operations characterize the changes at the Worsley Refinery. This presentation will review the reasons for the change. Since the beginning of Aluminum mining and refining the industry has lived with distributed control rooms and suffered from many behavioral problems common with this design. When Human Factor/Ergonomic design is introduced to a Western Australian installation a common centralized control room realized many improvements including economic payback. This presentation will review the reasons for the change, what changed and the process of changing the culture from reactive to predictive and what difference that has made.

Jan 1, 2011

By D. Jacobson

There are many different machine setup parameters and variables that affect the production of cone crushers in a mineral processing plant. One of these variables is the eccentric speed at which the cone gyrates. In June 2012, pilot tests were conducted on a 200 hp high speed cone crusher to determine the production and operating conditions over a wide spectrum of eccentric speed. Every plant will have variations in the ore characteristics and feed rates throughout the life of the mine, and at times throughout a single shift of operation, which result in non-optimal use of the crushing energy and inconsistent process control. For high speed cone crushers, the crusher will exhibit a different capacity, power required, and discharge size distribution as the speed ranges over the design limits of the machine. This study documents the measured variation in production and energy efficiency both when the crusher was ran at full capacity as well as when the feed to the crusher was not sufficient to run at full capacity. Overall, the results match theory and the capacity and power fluctuated by 25% and 17%, respectively, over the speed range when operated full while there was an overall trend of slightly coarser discharge size distribution as the speed decreased. The results with the fixed feed rate were more telling, as the crushers had 4-14% higher production when making a theoretical minus 12.5 mm product when operating at the optimal speed as compared to the worst speed in the ?typical? speed range for this application. Secondary analysis of the fixed tonnage testing also showed that the power draw was more consistent with lower magnitude spikes at the higher speeds (higher cavity level), as on average the standard deviation of the power draw increased from 7% to 18% and the peak power spikes from 20% to 48% over the speed range tested. The findings lay groundwork for more efficient plant design. Varying the speed of the crusher can be used to tune the crusher speed during commissioning, adapt to changing ore conditions over long periods of time, or be used as a dynamic input into an advanced control system. Each action above would serve to make the crusher(s) more productive and more energy efficient, and would also have mechanical benefits for the machine. Key Words: cone crusher, ore reduction, process control, crushing efficiency

Feb 27, 2013

By Russell B. Dix

Laboratory column leach tests are used routinely to evaluate gold and silver ores for heap leaching. The tests are fairly straightforward. The ore to be tested is placed into an appropriately sized leach column. Then an alkaline cyanide solution is applied to the ore and the effluent solutions are collected. The effluent solutions are then put through a column of activated carbon to recover the gold and silver in solution. Zinc precipitation may also be used for silver ores or if the ore contains a significant amount of soluble silver in addition to gold. The length of the leach time in the tests is mainly a function of how quickly the precious metals are recovered from the ore. At the completion of the tests, the tailings are assayed and the recoveries determined from the calculated head grades. The amount of ore to be used for a test is partly a function of its crushed size. The coarser the size, the larger the sample size for the column. A typical small-scale laboratory column test on ore crushed to -12 mm (-0.5 in.) would usually be conducted in a 100- to 150-mm-diam (4- to 6-in.-diam) column 2 m (6.6 ft) in height, containing about 20 to 45 kg (44 to 99 lb) of ore. A comparable test on the same ore crushed to 50 mm (2 in.) would be conducted in a 200- to 300-mm-diam (8- to 12-in.-diam) col¬umn 2 m (6.6 ft) in height, containing about 80 to 200 kg (176 to 441 lb) of ore. Larger-scale tests can be run by increasing the column heights and diameters. Conducting larger-scale tests results in increased costs for sample procurement, preparation, and running of the tests. The additional data obtained from

Jan 1, 1989

By H. Seguin, J. A. Le Gac, S. Bernhard, P. R. ZETTWOOG

The "Service de Protection Technique"of the "Institut de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire" was asked by the Commission of European Communities to conduct measurement campaigns which would make it possible to evaluate, on an experimental basis, the collective risk to miners exposed to radon in underground, non-uranium mines located in countries within the European Community. 1. METHODOLOGY USED TO CONDUCT THE CAMPAIGNS This campaign is original in that direct measurements of the individual monthly exposure to potential [a]-energy from short-lived radon daughters are made using personal [a]-dosimeters described previously (1). We call this type of dosimetry "personal dosimetry". The workers who wear the personal [a]-dosimeters were selected taking into account the various categories of workers and their work assignments in the various areas of the mine. Another way of finding out the occupational exposure of these miners consists in making numerous measurements of the radon concentration at the various work places, taking into account the time spent at each place by each worker. This procedure is too complex for an evaluation of the collective risk as requested by the Commission of European Communities and was therefore rejected. Additional data was gathered during these measurements campaigns using the following techniques (table 1). [ ] (1) Current [a]-dosimetry as practiced in France - SPT international report N° 234 - February, 1981 - P. ZETTWOOG The mines were chosen to include a larger variety of types of ore, of geological situations, and of mining methods. 2. RESULTS OF THE RADON DATA-GATHERING CAMPAIGNS 2.1 – [Uranium content of the surrounding rocks and ore] The samples taken during the campaigns make it possible to establish the U content in the rocks of the mines selected. These values, from 2 to 15 ppm, are slightly higher than those usually found (2 to 5 ppm) (table 2). [ ]

Jan 1, 1981

By Richard Addison

Introduction A staccato beat rings out across the Australian bush. The stamps are at work, slowly pulverizing gold-bearing ore for a patient, grizzled prospector. This is the State Battery near Marvel Loch, a tiny 22.6-t/d (25-stpd) capacity gold plant operated by the Western Australia government. It is one of many such plants located in remote corners of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. They are miniature custom mills operated for the benefit of prospectors and small mine operators. These state batteries are so called because they are operated by state governments and because the principal item of machinery in the plants are stamp batteries. They are fascinating anachronisms - throwbacks to times past, a century ago, to the hard and heady existence of gold rush days. Marvel Loch plant Typical of these operations, and perhaps a trifle more sophisticated than most, is the plant near Marvel Loch, a small center for mining and farming about 400 km (250 miles) due east of Perth. Marvel Loch. The name evokes visions of a pristine lake set in a cool, green, misty glen of the Scottish highlands. Actually, it is probably a hot, dry salt pan somewhere nearby. Just where the "loch" is difficult to discern. There is no sign of it on the map.

Jan 7, 1986

By R. Adsero

"In view of the decade long decline in worldwide mine equipment productivity and with heavy economic pressures and survival at risk, improvements for those remaining in the game are essential. The latest Multifactor Productivity data for the US mining industry indicates a continuing descent with Australia on a similar course. The world’s mining industry has a fleet of over 400 large draglines moving billions of tons of material annually. The most efficient use of this equipment resource will provide a competitive advantage to those companies who are committed to improving performance. A dragline monitoring system is a requirement for optimum operations. The monitor reports the facts. Focused actions can change the facts and create improved performance. Analyzing monitor data to build knowledge and create understanding is a beginning. Understanding the key productivity indicators for dragline operations and an effective benchmarking process are the basis for improvement. There is overwhelming evidence that adopting new technologies and concepts including AC drive technology can and will bring about a step change in dragline operating cost with improved production performance.STATE OF THE MINING INDUSTRY A high altitude review of the state of the mining industry provided by a study of multifactor productivity shows a continuation of lower and lower output year on year for the capital and labor inputs applied. The story is sadly similar for both U.S. mining and the Australian mining sector. In fact, according to PwC analysts the worlds mining equipment productivity has declined 20% over the past seven years. (Lumley, 2014) Although the reasons for the continuing decline in mining productivity are varied, the need for improvement is clear. The world’s mining industry fleet of well over 400 large draglines moves billions of tons of overburden and ore (phosphate, limestone, etc.) annually.This discussion will review a few of the tools available for improved productivity in dragline operations."

Jan 1, 2016

By Yehia M. Eyssa

A "straight wire" flow through magnetic ore separator has been designed, built and successfully used to separate magnetite from typical slurries. The purpose of these experiments was to simulate the high field profile of a "straight wire" superconducting magnetic separator which would be capable of separating weakly magnetic hematite ore from typical slurries. Magnetite was used as the test mineral because it experinces the same magnetic forces at low field as does hematite at high field. The present separator concept is based on the fact that there is a particle concentration profile due to the gravity field for low velocity turbulent flow. When a magnetic field force of -g is applied the concentration profile of the magnetic particles will be reversed leaving the nonmagnetic particles flowing alone at the bottom of the channel. By means of a divider at the end of the channel the concentrate is separated from the tailings. It is shown that the time needed to deflect hematite particles in a narrow cylindrical channel concentric with the superconducting wire is small enough so that high throughputs in the turbulent flow region are possible. In the case of a high field superconducting separator the centrifugal force could replace gravity by rotating the flow around the straight wire conductor.

Jan 1, 1974

By S. E. Vanderslice, J. A. Hummer

"The results of laboratory evaluations were used to compare the potential of two alternative, biomass-derived fuels as a control strategy to reduce the exposure of underground miners to aerosols and gases emitted by diesel-powered equipment. The effects of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil renewable diesel (HVORD) on criteria aerosol and gaseous emissions from an older-technology, naturally aspirated, mechanically controlled engine equipped with a diesel oxidation catalytic converter were compared with those of widely used petroleum-derived, ultralow-sulfur diesels (ULSDs). The emissions were characterized for four selected steady-state conditions. When fueled with FAME biodiesel and HVORD, the engine emitted less aerosols by total particulate mass, total carbon mass, elemental carbon mass and total number than when it was fueled with ULSDs. Compared with ULSDs, FAME biodiesel and HVORD produced aerosols that were characterized by single modal distributions, smaller count median diameters, and lower total and peak concentrations. For the majority of test cases, FAME biodiesel and HVORD favorably affected nitric oxide (NO) and adversely affected nitrogen dioxide (NO2) generation. Therefore, the use of these alternative fuels appears to be a viable tool for the underground mining industry to address the issues related to emissions from diesel engines, and to transition toward more universal solutions provided by advanced engines with integrated exhaust aftertreatment technologies. IntroductionDiesel engines have been the workhorses of modern society for industrial and transportation enterprises. Diesel engines of all generations are extensively used in a variety of light-, medium- and heavy-duty applications in underground mining operations around the world. Fuels obtained from various sources and with wide-ranging chemistries have been combusted in diesel engines. However, the bulk of the currently used fuel can still be traced to nonrenewable petroleum sources. The petroleum-derived diesel fuels are primarily made up of saturated acyclic hydrocarbons (parafins or alkanes), aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes or aryl hydrocarbon), and unsaturated hydrocarbons with double bonds (olefins and alkenes). Improvements in the quality of petroleum-based diesel fuels was identified in federal regulations as an important piece in resolving the puzzle of diesel engine emissions (Environmental Protection Agency, 2001, 2004). The reduction of U.S. diesel fuel sulfur content below 15 ppm had the effect of lowering sulfate emissions and enabling the development and implementation of catalyzed emissions control technology across a wide spectrum of applications."

Jan 12, 2017

By H. Verakis, M. J. Sapko

The Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL)1 of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in collaboration with the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Technical Support Center has devised a prototype hand-held instrument which can provide a direct assessment of the potential explosibility of a coal and rock dust mixture. Current Federal regulations require that rock dust be applied in all underground areas of a coal mine to mitigate the propagation of a coal dust explosion. To determine compliance with the Federal regulation, mine inspectors collect dust samples from sections of underground coal mines for an MSHA laboratory analysis of incombustible content. However, the laboratory analysis may not be completed for more than a week or two, during which time the mine area from which samples are taken may be inadequately protected. The operation of the Coal Dust Explosibility Meter (CDEM) is based on the difference in optical reflectance between light rock dust and dark coal dust. For a given coal volatility, the optical reflectance of such mixtures is relatively constant at the limit of explosibility, independent of the coal dust particle size. The CDEM is not intended to replace the current MSHA laboratory analysis of coal mine dust samples for incombustible content, but to serve as a supplemental device for enhancing mine safety through improved rock dusting practices.

Jan 1, 2006

By T. R. Ellis

A number of important international events took place in 2001 in the development and evolution of mineral valuation standards internationally. In Canada, the CIMVal Committee released a draft discussion paper for public and industry comment on principles to guide the development of the planned Canadian mineral property valuation standard. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) received comments on its Extractive Industries Issues Paper. IASB will decide whether the financial statements of public mining and petroleum companies will be allowed to provide the value of mineral and petroleum assets on a current value basis instead of an historic cost basis. The author led the Extractive Industries Task Force of the International Valuation Standards Committee (IVSC) in developing its submission to IASB. IVSC intends to develop an extractive industries valuation section for its International Valuation Standards, which could support the planned IASB standard. In Australia, AusIMM has carried out an in-depth review of its highly regarded VALMIN Code. The AusIMM's MICA subdivision organized the VALMIN ‘01 Conference in Sydney, Australia, with a range of international and current issues papers published in the VALMIN ‘01 book. Considerable support for the IVSC initiative was evident at this conference. The results of the review of the extractive industries submissions to the IASB are expected to be released in early 2002. The CMMI Congress in Cairns, Australia in May 2002 is likely to prove to be an important forum for continued discussion of the development and implementation of international standards and qualifications for mineral valuation. The outcomes and implications of these events are discussed.

Jan 1, 2002

By Gordon M. Miner

When I was originally invited to speak to this audience on the subject of the future supply of precious metals I was somewhat apprehensive and suggested that the Program Chairman select someone with more credentials. He declined and the results of our conversation gave me cause to reflect and recall the opportunities I have had over the years and how fortunate I have been to be associated with so many successful companies and knowledgeable people affiliated with the precious metals field. I discovered that since 1935, 1 have worked in or visited most of the gold and silver camps in the United States; have been a leaser of a gold mine in Mohave, California; have both lost and made money in the silver futures market; have worked for two of the greatest precious metals companies in the United States - Homestake Mining Company and Hecla Mining Company, have spent a considerable amount of time in precious metal related discussions with men like Don MacLaughlin, Paul Henshaw, Dick Stoehr, Abe Shoemaker, Bill Love, Phil Lindstrom, Simon Strauss, Herbert and Bunker Hunt and many others. It is those exposures and experiences that I draw onto discuss the subject at hand.

Jan 1, 1980

When overburden depth exceeds economical recovery in openpit coal mines, the use of highwall mining systems has increasingly come into play. However, stability in the highwalls is always a major safety concern during such mining. The U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration requires that highwall mining operators follow ground control plans that specify the pillar sizes necessary to prevent collapse that would threaten highwall stability.

Jan 1, 2006

By C. J. Hall

I would like to congratulate Professor Gershon on an idea that is obviously valuable and is certainly new to me. It has, however, to be further developed, in that one can get fallacious results by limiting oneself to positional weights. In the example problem, the positional weight of one block was 8.6 (the 8.0 value in the paper was incorrect) for 36 units in the cone, for a mean block value of 0.239. The positional weight of the second block was 4.4 for 15 units, for a mean block value of 0.293. Surely one would expect the second block to be rated higher. Additionally, the time value of money adjustment cannot be determined by depth, because the time that a block is mined is determined by the mining sequence, not depth. Figure 1 shows a slightly altered version of Professor Gershon's pit. The overall value of the pit is the same, as are the total values under each of his blocks. The values in the right-hand cone have been reversed top to bottom, and the values in the rest of the pit adjusted to keep the central cone total unchanged. All values have been multiplied by 10. Figure 2 shows the sequence of mining, at three blocks per year, for Professor Gershon's pit, and Fig. 3, the sequence for a pit under the other block. Table 1 shows the value and discounted value (15%) of Professor Gershon's pit, and Table 2 shows similar values for the second pit. It is apparent that the second pit schedule is more valuable than the first.

Jan 1, 1988

By R. G. McLusky

This paper analyzes the opinion in Bragg v. Robertson, 72 F.Supp. 2d 642 (S.D. W.Va. 1999), a case which threatens the future of surface mining in West Virginia and which will almost certainly result in new policies or rules that will affect surface mining everywhere. This paper addresses: (1) the jurisdictional bases of the action which relies on the federal surface mining laws to enforce a state mining program; (2) settlement agreements reached in the case that threaten to alter federal policies beyond West Virginia borders; (3) a programmatic environmental impact statement on mountaintop mining being undertaken by the federal government; and (4) an opinion by the Court outlawing excess spoil disposal in intermittent and perennial streams.

Jan 1, 2001

By JOHN HOMER, KATHLEEN STABRYLA, JACOB L. CARR, JONATHAN K. HRICA, JENNICA L. BELLANCA

Given the recent focus on powered haulage incidents within the U.S. mining sector, an appraisal of collision avoidance/warning systems (CXSs) through the lens of the research literature is timely. This paper aims to evaluate the maturity of CXS technology through the application of a technology readiness assessment (TRA) to research literature identified by systematic search methods. Results indicate that much of the evidence for CXS performance is at lower levels of maturity: that is, components and prototypes tested in a laboratory and in relevant environments. Less evidence exists for CXS performance at higher levels of maturity — that is, systems evaluated within operational environments — despite the existence of commercial products in the marketplace. This lack of evidence at higher maturity levels within the scientific literature highlights the need for more peer-reviewed research to evaluate CXS technologies. Additionally, results of the review reveal that most of the literature relevant to CXS technologies is focused on vehicle-to-vehicle interactions, which contrasts with haul truck fatal accident statistics that indicate most are due to vehicle-to-environment interactions, such as traveling through a berm. Lastly, the relatively small number and segmented nature of relevant studies suggest there is a need for more incremental research that would better facilitate the improvement of CXS technologies. This progression could be achieved through continued long-term interest and support for CXS technology research.

Mar 1, 2023