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By A Giblett, B Putland

This paper provides a simple guiding framework for grinding circuit optimisation, focussing on common themes in past optimisation success stories, the conditions for success and techniques that can be employed to identify and define opportunities. Many significant grinding circuit improvements have been reported for operating plants, based on recurring themes such as the optimisation of mill feed size, mill liner design, process control, critical size, grinding media and classification. The paper condenses these experiences into a set of simple questions for the operator to ask, and provides guidance towards identifying and achieving the optimisation goals.CITATION:Giblett, A and Putland, B, 2018. The basics of grinding circuit optimisation, in Proceedings 14th AusIMM Mill Operators' Conference 2018, pp 129–140 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 29, 2018

By W Y. Kim, Y B. Kang, Y J. Park

The phase equilibria in the Al2O3–TiOx system were investigated in wide ranges of temperature and oxygen partial pressure: 1300~1600°C and 10-16.6~10-8 atm, respectively. The equilibrium phases and their compositions were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), respectively. Most noticeably, a wide range of pseudobrookite solid solution was found in equilibrium with almost pure alumina. At each temperature, the cationic ratio expressed as RTi = nTi/(nAl + nTi)) of the pseudobrookite solid solution showed a noteworthy dependency on the oxygen partial pressure. This resulted in the formation of a broad range of pseudobrookite solid solutions, ranging from Al2TiO5 (RTi = 1/3) to Ti3O5 (RTi = 1.0). Complete miscibility within the pseudobrookite solid solution was observed at 1600°C, with only a minor miscibility gap becoming evident below 1500°C. Based on the results obtained in the present study, the behaviours of Al2TiO5 pseudobrookite have implications in two key domains: (1) understanding changes in the physical properties of the materials, and (2) elucidating the evolution of Al–Ti complex oxide inclusions in liquid steel which can deteriorate the steel cleanliness.

Aug 21, 2024

By Elford H. S

Australia has many potentially important tin deposits, particularly on the eastern shore of the continent and in Tasmania. A number of these have been worked on a meagre scale, while some of them, because of metallurgical, transport, and other difficulties, have not as yet been developed.Believing that the full development of the tin fields of the Commonwealth of Australia is in part dependent upon the adoption of the most efficient methods of milling and smelting, the Development and Migration Oommission arranged for the first-mentioned author to visit the mining fields of Cornwall, one of the oldest tin-producing districts of the world, and prepare a report for the information of the Commission.This paper, now presented to the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy with the hope that it will assist the full development of tin mining in Australia, is the joint work of both authors.For over two thousand years tin has been produced from the Cornish mines. Even the ancient Greek historians made mention of tin mining in Cornwall, and it is probable that during the earliest periods the mining was alluvial. As early as 1602 a stamp battery working in Cornwall was described, and in 1671 calcination and buddling was a recognised scheme of treating pyritic ore. In the first half of the 16th century the output of tin from Cornwall was 700 tons per annum, and, from then on, production increased to the maximum in 1914 of 6500 tons. At present (Oct., 1929) the Cambourne-Redruth area produces over 95% of the Cornish tin output. This area includes such mines as the South Crofty, East Pool, Dolcoath, Parkanchy, Polhigey, and Wheal Kitty. The remaining 5% is largely supplied by the Levant and Geevor mines at Pendeen, St. Just area, near Land's End.

Jan 1, 1930

By K S. E, S C. Parker, T K. Kundu

Understanding the fundamental principles governing the reactions at surfaces has always been the goal of theoretical surface science. The atomistic simulation techniques have been used to calculate the surface structures and the stability of quartz and wollastonite, and their adsorption behaviour in the presence of molecular and dissociative water, and the two widely used collector head group molecules of methanoic acid and methylamine. The dissolution behaviour of wollastonite has also been modelled. The calculated surface energy, hydration energy and reaction energy values have been examined and discussed in the light of flotation literature. These studies have given an insight into the interactions at atomic level, which indicate that modelling techniques should be capable of predicting the adsorption behaviour and to design the selective collector molecules, which is of central importance to the mineral processing technique of flotation.

Jan 1, 2005

Since the 1970s we have seen a marked corporate response in terms of the environment. In part this has come from regulation but it has largely come from stakeholders and the community. We now see a similar trend towards sustainability. The Brundtland (1987) definition of sustainable development provides a direction for advocates: the advance of human prosperity in a way that does not compromise the potential prosperity and quality of life for future generations. In my view its three essential components are: economic, environmental and community. The Global Mining Initiative and the contributions to the Rio World Summit and the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development indicate that sustainability is being taken very seriously by the mining industry. But does the minerals industry really embrace sustainability as they claim? There is a view that in reality sustainability is a non-event and that the triple-bottom line approach is only a convenient catch-cry for companies who are actually focussed very strongly on the economics part of the equation. Chemical engineers are showing a strong trend to more sustainable practices and the chemical industry has shown real commitment to research into developing sustainable processing systems. This requires a framework for thinking and design and the chemical industry is demonstrating true innovation as it moves towards æno wasteÆ technologies. Whilst there are limits to the rates of change that can occur the minerals industry should also be moving in a much more determined manner towards the notion of processing of products designed for whole-of-life cycle û with minimum/no waste. But is the minerals industry just paying lip service to the importance of research to sustainability?Several common themes influence the science and innovation agenda in Australia, which will affect the development and adoption of innovations by AustraliaÆs minerals sector. First is the well-proven link between peer-reviewed scientific excellence and commercial application. Second is the rise of multi-disciplinary Mode 2 research, which has developed in response to the complexity of problems faced by contemporary researchers, which are best analysed by combining expertise from two or more disciplines. Successful innovation outcomes, in any field, including minerals processing, is promoted by Mode 2 research which benefits from greater levels of networking and collaboration. Kofi Annan in his Message to the World Social Forum puts it very succinctly æThe way forward lies in finding constructive solutions togetherÆ.

Jan 1, 2004

By F R. M Pires, R M. Carvalho

Supergene processes in banded iron formation (BIF) result in important dissolution, material transport and simultaneous disorder of the residual bands. The rock physical properties such as density, porosity and rheology change during the weathering attack. The itabirite, Paleoproterozoic metamorphic BIF from Quadrilßtero Ferrffero (QF) û Brazil, shows several weathered facies. Strong linking between topographic surface, rock density and iron grade occurs within the weathered zones. This linking is due to partial dissolution of silica and carbonate from itabirite and gravitational rotation and break of the remaining blades, generating kink-like slump structures. The original itabirite density, 3.7 t/m3, decrease at the first leaching steps, until 2.7 t/m3, and increase at the end of the leaching process until 3.6 t/m3. Iron grade increases from 38 per cent to 68 per cent and depressions (sinkhole), subsequently filled by Cenozoic basinal sediments, are developed over the enrichment zones. The formation of important supergene iron ore deposits of QF is intimately related to such a process. Several iron deposits at QF, such as Pico do Itabirito, Fßbrica Nova, Casa de Pedra, Tamanduß, -gua Claras, Cappo Xavier, etc., reveal the aspects related to the proposed evolution, implying that the formational process of the soft iron ores had a regional character. Granular medium model helped in the understanding of the development of the structure and the formation of the deposits. A numerical model has been developed in order to simulate a leaching system in a two-dimensional matrix, composed of two types of materials: leachable and unleachable. Equal volume proportion and vertical banding were considered. Drilling data was used as multipoint attractors to remove leachable matrix nodes.

Jan 1, 2002

By G B. Smith

Barrick (Australia Pacific) Limited initiated a trial of Caterpillar’s Minegem autonomous loader technology in 2009 at the Kanowna Belle mine in Kalgoorlie. Autonomous loader technology offers the potential to improve loader productivity, reduce operating costs and improve safety through removing personnel from the mine operating environment. This paper discusses the implementation of the technology at the mine site, the data collected during the trial and quantifies the benefits of using automated loader technology in comparison with teleremote loader operation. The lessons learned from the trial and work planned for the future in respect of this technology is also discussed.

Mar 21, 2011

By L A. Balzan, F Nieuwenhuys

GEOSCAN on belt analysers have been widely utilised in iron ore for nearly two decades. Since the first installations in 2003, the availability of accurate and reliable grade data has become standardised across iron ore mines in the Northern Cape in South Africa, where various streams are monitored continuously to ensure the optimal functioning of plants. Assmang Khumani has been at the forefront of technology adoption, and has implemented 19 GEOSCANs at various locations throughout the plant, monitoring run-of-mine, stockyard feed, beneficiation plant feeds, and products. Over the years, collaborative advances in the technology have allowed for numerous benefits and gains to be made. In recent times, there has been a concerted effort on the development of analysis for phosphorus in the material flows, and based on Scantech’s experience in the phosphate industry, this element has now been calibrated to achieve statistically acceptable and repeatable accuracies for real time analysis of this element on many of Khumani’s GEOSCAN analysers. This paper provides an overview of GEOSCAN use at Khumani, while focusing on the development of phosphorus analysis. A case study of analysis results is presented for a range of analysers that have been calibrated for this element, as well as a discussion on the benefits obtained as a result of this analysis.

Nov 8, 2021

By T Nassis, P Louw, M R. Fry, T du Toit

Business intelligence (BI) and business analytics (BA) are established IT technologies that are used extensively in the business environment. This paper discusses the use of these technologies in production environments and beneficiation plants.Assmang’s Khumani mine is an iron ore operation located in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Assmang Limited is jointly owned by African Rainbow Minerals Limited and Assore Limited. This paper presents a case study of a BI solution applied to this plant, which is used by metallurgists, supervisors and all levels of operations and management to extract and analyse data to control and optimise the operation of the plant.The main advantage of adopting an established BI solution is the ease with which production personnel can extract and analyse data. The data is easily presented in familiar spreadsheets and no IT staff or specific training is required to achieve this.The solution adopted at Khumani mine uses a data mart with a multidimensional model (called an online analytical processing (OLAP) cube) acting as the main repository and source of data. The OLAP cube simplifies the access and analysis of plant data.The OLAP cube stores data in a specifically-designed way, which allows extraction and analysis to be performed quickly. It is designed to hold large amounts of data on a long-term basis, which could be for the life of the plant. It also performs automatic aggregations over many dimensions on a background process.A major benefit in adopting such a BI solution is that it allows common BA methods to be applied. This is due to both the efficient long-term storage of data and the availability of standard BA tools. BA tools are now able to perform data mining, predictive analytics, forecasting and other machine-learning algorithms. This paper presents the possible use of such advanced data analysis methods in a beneficiation plant.CITATION:Fry, M R, Nassis, T, Louw, P and du Toit, T, 2015. The use of common business intelligence and analytics tools in the operation and optimisation of iron ore process plants, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 129–138 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By J Sigda, T Jones, D Staggs, J Ewing, C Cheng, J Pickens, S Paulka

Mine-derived solutes from Energy Resources of Australia’s (ERA’s) Ranger uranium mine have been closely monitored for decades. Ranger is surrounded by the Northern Territory’s Kakadu National Park and is upstream of Ramsar convention wetlands. Modelling of groundwater flow and solute egress from mine wastes to surface waters has helped ERA successfully assess closure options and secure intermediate regulatory approvals during the site closure process. Potential environmental impacts were assessed using groundwater modelling in support of three ERA applications involving disposal of tailings-derived mine waste. Model results were an important part of the basis for obtaining regulatory approval. Three case studies are presented describing the three applications and how the groundwater modelling supported approval of the applications. For case study #1, INTERA supported ERA in addressing stakeholder concerns in 2017 regarding two aspects of tailings deposition in Pit 3. The first was the potential for flow of tailings fluid into the surrounding formations during tailings deposition. The second was the difference in post-closure magnesium (Mg) loading to surface water for two tailings deposition scenarios. INTERA developed a two-dimensional (2D) model that showed excess tailings pore pressures would not cause outflow and solute egress from the pit during deposition. INTERA’s three-dimensional (3D) models demonstrated that post-closure Mg loading to creeks for both tailings scenarios differed marginally and would be a small fraction of natural creek Mg loads. The modelling results helped avoid delays in completing tailings deposition driven by stakeholders’ environmental concerns. Case study #2 consisted of supporting ERA’s 2019 request for approval to change the tailings deposition method and final tailings level in Pit 3. INTERA’s model results for the permitted and proposed deposition methods showed minimal differences in post-closure Mg loading to creeks. The model results helped ERA obtain the needed approval for the tailings deposition method and water and tailings levels in Pit 3. For case study #3, INTERA modelled the comparative impacts from leaving the entire contaminant plume from the temporary tailings storage facility (TSF) in situ or excavating a portion of the contaminated material from beneath the TSF floor and placing it in Pit 3. The modelling results supported an approved TSF contaminated material application important for ERA to stay on schedule and minimise both closure costs and environmental impacts.

Jul 1, 2021

By A A. Latscha, D O’Connor

Increasing orebody complexity, restrictions in ground access, and longer lead times for disturbance approvals, have generated the need for the Resource Development Team within Rio Tinto Iron Ore (RTIO), to explore optimised drill design techniques that deliver resource conversion value while maximising program outcomes. In response to this challenge, the Team initiated a case study to produce an AI assisted/designed drill program using a non-machine learning AI. The case study involved the assessment and implementation of an AI generated drill program at one of RTIO’s Pilbara iron ore deposits, located in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia. The Mineral Resource is currently classified as 100 per cent Inferred. Access constraints inherent to topography, and the presence of exclusions zones have prevented adequate drilling coverage, resulting in lower resource confidence and a poor definition of the orebody extents and geometry. The drill campaign, planned in Q1 2023, needs to consider access constraints, complex topology and the limitations related to additional ground clearance, while addressing the requirement of improving orebody knowledge. The drill plan had to address two objectives. The first and main aim of drilling was to upgrade the Resource Classification to allow for possible conversion to Ore Reserve. The input for this objective was a volumetric representation of the areas currently not meeting pre-defined quantitative Resource Classification upgrade criteria. The second objective was to better define the orebody extents and geometry. For the second objective, the input to the drilling optimiser was a volumetric representation (blocks) of the areas of high uncertainty in the mineralisation/waste boundary, which were defined using an indicator conditional simulation technique. The drilling optimiser output was a range of compliant drill plans. A set of KPIs based on economic and orebody knowledge criteria were used to assess the plans and to select the most optimal drill design to be drilled in 2023. The geology and management teams were able to make better informed, objective decisions using the trade-off between cost and orebody knowledge gained. As part of the assessment, the AI generated plans were compared to our current planning practises. The AI assisted plans, when gauged against the project KPIs, showed clear and measurable improvements in both meeting project objectives and in managing operational risk.

May 24, 2023

By D Clarke, I Minniakhmetov

The Olympic Dam deposit is truly a world-class IOCG-Ag deposit, the world’s fourth largest deposit of copper and the world’s largest known single uranium deposit. Traditional and non-traditional methods have been used to accurately model the geology and mineralisation of the Olympic Dam deposit. Conditional simulation models have long been used as the most robust method for estimating risk and uncertainty in mine planning decisions at other mines around Australia and the world. There are many challenges associated with simulating the Olympic Dam deposit at a selective mining unit size sufficient for underground mine planning purposes. These include the size of the deposit, resulting in hundreds of millions of grid blocks; the disseminated nature of the zoned sulfide mineralisation. And lastly the direct relationship of the relative abundances of the sulfide mineral species that are crucial to the Olympic Dam smelter performance. Several geostatistical techniques have been utilised in the workflow for the Olympic Dam Conditional Simulation model to address these challenges. The key techniques are: • Projection Pursuit Multivariate Transform to de-correlate the main elements before simulation. • Pluri-Gaussian implicit boundary simulation method to simulate the mineralisation domains. • Spectral simulation method of de-trended and de-correlated attributes with account of local varying variance. The resulting conditional simulation models have been validated against histograms, grade-tonnage curves, cross-plots and assessed for variogram reproduction. This paper presents how the final conditional simulation models compare to benchmarking models created using alternate estimation techniques of ordinary kriging and local uniform conditioning. It also presents a validation process using historical samples to test final estimate accuracy of the simulation models.

May 24, 2023

By G Gibson

Realising that current roadway development performance levels were unlikely to sustain new generation high-capacity (15 Mt/a) longwall mines then being planned, the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) established a Roadway Development Task Group (RDTG) in 2005 to develop a research strategy targeted at improving roadway development performance in Australian longwall mines. The initial phase of the project identified a number of factors that differentiated best practice mines from others, and proposed a multi-faceted research strategy encompassing both short- and long-term research initiatives, including:conducting regular benchmarking studies across the industry to identify factors contributing to improved performance and to monitor performance trends,conducting regular industry roadway development operatorsÆ workshops to facilitate the transfer of successful roadway development improvement initiatives throughout the industry and facilitate networking between development practitioners,development of alternative skin reinforcement and containment measures that would eliminate the use of steel mesh and enable face support systems to be fully automated,development of automated bolting and mesh handling systems that would enable operators to be removed from the immediate face area,development of a body of knowledge of industry roadway development practice,development of a web-based information management system to capture and transfer emerging developments in roadway development practice and technology,reviewing the Australian civil tunnelling and underground metalliferous mining sectors to identify practices and technologies that could potentially be utilised to improve roadway development performance, anddeveloping a new generation high-capacity mining system capable of +10 metres per operating hour for 20 or more hours per day (CM2010). The paper reports on the progress of the above initiatives and outlines strategies to continue the pursuit for improved roadway development performance.

Jan 1, 2008

By A G. Guinea

Every person in an organisation has what could be called ‘a different take’ on what it means to be a safety leader. The directors will tell you they are ultimately responsible for everyone’s safety and that they can be imprisoned as a consequence of a workplace fatality. Managers, take more of a focused approach and would explain that they are totally responsible for the safety of their teams. And then there are front-line leaders. Those that not only have the responsibility (like directors and managers) but they also have the accountability, and the ability, to influence how safely their teams work. But it is not just physical safety that leaders should be concerned with.

May 5, 2022

By A Grace, C Sennersten, A Davie, R Lyu, C A. Lindley, O Goldstein, T Thomas, L De Macedo Camargo

Block modelling is a well-established method for modelling ore reserves as a basis for strategic mine planning and mine development. Off-Earth mining, particularly of asteroids, can benefit from block models; however, the significantly different characteristics of asteroids and their methods of mining require reconsideration of the geometry and annotations of block models. Terrestrial block models consist of rectangular prisms within Euclidean coordinate systems. Their labels and parameters typically include location within a mine-specific coordinate system, x, y and z dimensions, specific gravity, hardness, grades of metals of interest and so on.These data provide an input to mine design and strategic mine planning. Mining asteroids may require different coordinate systems (eg spherical, elliptical or cylindrical, rather that Euclidean) and attributes that vary from Earth-based block models. These include: variable gravitational vectors throughout the block modelrotational moment or accelerationrotation rates. Materials within asteroids may show different isotopic compositions. Asteroid mining has the unique characteristic of a mine being identical with an asteroid. The position of the asteroid/mine in space and its full orbital elements provide critical inputs to mission design and costing. Hence, the block model concept needs to be extended with this metadata. The orbital position and behaviour of the Earth must be included for active mine planning, and increasing automation of mine planning and operations needs to consider terrestrial weather and telecommunications infrastructure. Financial planning requires analysis of the net present value of extraterrestrial mining compared with terrestrial alternatives, so a fully automated mining enterprise should integrate terrestrial and extraterrestrial block models at different scales and resolutions. Blocks can be indexed via octrees, allowing for hierarchical scales that support analytics for deriving new knowledge and correlating features across different scales.CITATION:Lindley, C A, Sennersten, C, Davie, A, Goldstein, O, Lyu, R, Grace, A, Evans, B, Pentecost, D, Thomas, T, De Macedo Camargo, L, Craig, J, Salomao, G N, Hellicar, A, Biggins, D, Timms, G, Coombe, M, Shahriar, M S, Smith, G and Rahman, A, 2015. A multilayer 3D index tool for recursive block models supporting terrestrial and extraterrestrial mine planning, in Proceedings Third International Future Mining Conference, pp 289–296 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 4, 2015

The objectives of mining grade control are presented and examples of the techniques used in various open pit and underground mines are used to define the attributes of good grade control. Reasons are discussed for the success of various improved practices. The progressive development of grade control is presented and the balance between quantitative and qualitative data is analysed. The skills and resources required for grade control on mine sites that are using best practice are also presented. A number of problems in grade control have been solved recently however there are still issues that need to be addressed. Examination of the grade control process frequently stops after sample quality has been examined. There is much more beyond this that can now be optimised using conditional simulation models. Other future directions of mining grade control are also suggested. An extensive bibliography of published papers on grade control is included that will be maintained and updated on a website.

Jan 1, 2000

In the UK during the 1990s the energy companies had developed a policy of æDash for GasÆ, building large natural gas power stations to produce more than 30 per cent of the UKÆs electricity demand. The price of imported thermal coal was dropping and the electricity generators were putting pressure on the UK coal producers to produce coal at a reduced cost. Imported coal from Columbia, South Africa, America and Australasia had increased their market share in thermal coal sales to over 50 per cent of a 55 Mtpa market. The pressure on the UK coal industry to reduce costs and improve productivity levels from an ever decreasing resource was high. Companies were benchmarking their operations on the imported coal producers and had to realign their organisations, productivity levels and costs to world best practice, not just technically, but in world class organisational management techniques.

Jan 1, 2005

By P Moynagh

"A plan is critical but on its own it is a bit one dimensional, the three dimensions critical to success over the long-term, through changing economic, geological and management conditions are:the quality of your planning an ability to see and adapt to change a disciplined continual improvement/learning system.This paper will examine how a number of major Australian resource companies have used a commitment management system to connect the ‘theory’ embodied in plans (whether mine, project, maintenance or training plans) and immediate reality ‘practice’ as experienced by supervisors and their crews in the workplace. This paper draws on management theory embodied in management operating systems (MOS), Lean, Theory of Constraints and Six Sigma approaches to continuous improvement and a good dose of real world experience. It is embodied in the statement: ‘successful organisations are driven by a series of commitments that people make to each other and deliver on’.Citation:Moynagh, P, 2016. Everyone Has a Plan Until They Get Punched in the Mouth – Creating Trust, Commitment and Results in Tough Times, in Proceedings Ninth AusIMM Open Pit Operators' Conference 2016, pp 293–299 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 15, 2016

By Anievas JB, Sevillano AC

This paper describes the acquisition, exploration, development, initial operation and subsequent financing of the Bulawan mine by means of a listing on the Toronto Stock Exchange of a subsidiary of the parent company, Philex Mining Corporation.Located on the island of Negros in the Philippines the property is unique on at least two counts: it is a disseminated gold deposit that occurs in a region of predominantly porphyry copper mineralisation; and it is a gold deposit that is mined by a bulk method of extraction (front and block cave) instead of the normal selective mining methods.

Jan 1, 1997

Solid Energy New Zealand Limited owns and operates the Ohai coal field (Wairaki Coal Mining Licence, CML) in western Southland. The Morley Stream passes directly through the middle of the CML and has required diversion in the past to enable open cast mining to proceed. Solid Energy is evaluating two new open cast pits at Ohai. Commissioning these new pits would necessitate further diversion of the Morley Stream. One of these potential new mines is adjacent to an abandoned State Coal Mines (State Coal) pit and there is an opportunity to substantially rehabilitate this old pit as a corollary to the new mine and the stream diversion project.   Past Morley Stream diversions were undertaken by State Coal and so they predated the Resource Management Act 1991 and the degree of community environmental awareness and involvement that has become the norm these days. Not surprisingly the design and construction of the historic stream diversions was based purely upon mining (operational) and engineering considerations. This led to the stream being diverted in a manner that achieved the clinical conveyance of design volumes of water from points A and B.   Solid Energy realised that the proposed new diversions need to adopt more holistic and environmentally sustainable design principles while also including appropriate mining and engineering constraints. This project involved the design of a 1.7 km diversion of the Morley Stream (median flow of about 1000 litres/second) that would enable progressive prestripping and development of the new mines and would also address final rehabilitation (of the stream), geotechnical risks, hydrological and ecological issues. To address all of these factors the project required a multidisciplinary approach. Moreover, it required a clear understanding of how the mining operational constraints could be integrated with the environmental considerations. A significant aspect of the project was how to take account of fishery instream habitat needs, the resource consent requirements and most of all, the involvement of key stakeholders such as the Fish & Game Council, Department of Conservation, the Iwi and local community in the design process. This was achieved through coordinated consultation and stakeholder involvement in a technical design workshop.

Jan 1, 2005