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By Herbert Kynor

BY THE term mechanical mining is meant that operation, or series of operations, that replace the hand methods of mining. The first undercutting machine to operate in anthracite was placed in the Butler mine of the Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Dec. 23, 1910, by the Sullivan Machinery Co. The first Jackhamer used in the anthracite field was installed at the Wadesville colliery of the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. in Oct., 1912, by the Ingersoll-Rand Co. The first longwall conveyor was installed at the Dodge mines of the Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Coal Co. in March, 1912. The first mechanical scraper equipment was installed in the Seneca mines of the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. in January, 1914. The amount of anthracite mechanically mined since the first mining machine was installed in 1910a is as follows: PENNA. COAL Co. D. L. & W., SCRANTON TEMPLE HUDSON YEAR AND HILL- TONS COAL Co., COAL CO., COAL CO., TOTAL. SIDE COAL TONS TONS TONS TONS AND IRON, TONS 1920 372,737b 367,000d 322,892 74,127 371,878 1,508,634 1919 950,786 no record 306,616 81,575 319,356 1,658,333c 1918 917,778 744,966 24,880 44,756 288,781 2,021,161 1917 757,940 838,800 5,050 57,279 164,180 1,823,249 1916 286,780 860,663 13,960 114,173 101,475 1,377,051 1915 428,819 592,169 8,253 1,029,241 1914 219,188 153,896 373,084 1913 171,505 171,505 1912 124,267 124,267 1911 40,319 40,319 1910 1,184 1,184 a. A slightly greater production than shown was obtained as the tonnage from individual operations is not shown. b. Decrease due to strike conditions in 1920. c. Does not include tonnage of D., L., & W. d. D., L., & W. decrease in 1920 due to having less mining machines in operation. There are about 150 undercutters in use in the anthracite region, 80 mechanical loaders, and 10 longwall conveyors.

Jan 9, 1921

By W. K. Hartley

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY The Kimberley Division of De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited includes four underground mines in Kimberley viz. Dutoitspan, Bultfontein, De Beers and Wesselton Mine and two outside mines, viz. Finsch, an opencast operation and Koffie- fontein, an underground operation. Figure 1 is a map of the Kimberley district showing the location of these mines. Finsch is 150km west of Kimberley and Koffiefontein is 80km south of Kimberley. The head office of the De Beers Company is in Kimberley. The diamond sorting and trading companies for diamonds produced in South Africa are also in Kimberley. Diamonds were first discovered in the Kimberley area at Hopetown in 1866 on the banks of the Orange River. This, and later finds, triggered the start of the great "Diamond Rush". In 1870 the Jagersfontein (now closed) and Dutoitspan pipes were discovered, followed by those at Bultfontein, De Beers and Kimberley Mine (now closed) in 1871, Koffiefontein in 1880 and Wesselton in 1891. Finsch Mine was a more recent discovery in 1961. Finsch, due to go underground in 1986, and Koffiefontein, are fully self-contained with their own treatment plants, housing, services etc. The four Kimberley mines deliver ore by conveyor to a central treatment plant and use joint ser- vices. ,+lining is presently carried out mainly by Block Caving which has replaced the earlier Chambering method. De Beers Mine, on a limited scale, and Wesselton Mine have recently started to use Sub-Level Caving, and both Bultfontein and Du- toitspan are scheduled to use the same method at a later date. The combined ore tonnage produced by the Kimberley Mines is 17 400 tons per day, Koffiefontein 12 000 tons per day and Finsch Mine 17 000 tons per day. THE EVOLUTION OF MINING METHODS Initially, the open-cast mining was carried out to as great a depth as safety would permit. In the early stages of open-cast mining, the Kimberlite was removed in horizontal slices from levels 13m to 20m apart. The rock broken in the workings was raised to the surface by means of endless rope haulage inclines. As lower levels were attained these rope haulages were replaced by aerial hoists, inclined shaft haulages or inclined skip-ways. These methods were dependent upon the strength of the unsupported pipe walls, which became increasingly unstable with depth and a system was adopted whereby the ground mined in open excavations was tipped down passes to tunnels connecting with vertical hoisting shafts sunk in the country rock. As work in the open pit became more and more impracticable due to extensive falls of ground, this system was replaced by a combination of open-cast and underground mining, and eventually by wholly underground methods. Chambering With the advent of underground mining, a system known as "Chambering" (or "Inclined Chambering") was evolved. It was essentially a combination of shrinkage stoping and caving, whereby advantage was taken of the high pressure exerted by the loose rock that had accumulated in the open excavations due to the collapse of the pipe walls. This mining method was introduced around 1890 and was successfully employed, with little change, up to the early nineteen seventies. In this system each mine was served by a main hoisting shaft situated about 300m in the country rock. Main haulage cross cuts were driven from the shaft to the pipe at 200m (600ft) vertical intervals. A sub-vertical shaft, situated close to the pipe provided access to the working levels. Chamber levels were established from the sub-vertical shaft at 13m (40ft) intervals. See figure 2. On each of these levels successive 6,8m wide “cuts" were mined out across the pipe, from one rock contact to the other, and extended vertically to the footwall of the level above. Every 6,8m cut was made up of a chamber and a "back-pillart1, each approximately 3,401 wide. The chamber was mined by overhand shrinkage stoping. The levels were carried "en echelon", with each chamber on a level approximately three cuts ahead of the chamber on the level

Jan 1, 1981

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886 THOMAS EGLESTON 1887

Jan 1, 1923

By E. H. Edwards, J. Washburn, E. R. Parker

The mechanism of strain hardening was discussed in connection with some recent observations on the stress-induced motion of dislocation boundaries and on the simple shear deformation of zinc, cadmium, and copper crystals. THE nature of work hardening accompanying plastic deformation of metals has long been the subject of speculation. As early as 1925, Becker' suggested a thermodynamic process to explain slip based on the statistical probability for the occurrence of local glide steps. The theory that plastic glide was due to the presence of lattice defects known as dislocations was first introduced in 1934 by Taylor: and Orowan, and Polanyi.4 Taylor presented a rather complete analysis of the behavior and interaction of dislocations. He assumed a certain type of stress field to be associated with a single dislocation, and postulated that work hardening would result from plastic flow in two ways. First, dislocations following one another across a slip plane might encounter a barrier which would impede their movement, thereby gradually diminishing and eventually stopping plastic flow on that plane. The second mechanism involved the concept of dislocations traveling in opposite directions on nearby planes attracting one another to form a meta-stable lattice. The interaction of dislocations in such an array was shown to be large enough to require an increase in stress before plastic flow would continue. Kochendorfer5,6 extended the concept of work hardening involving a back stress due to an accumulation of like dislocations on a slip plane. He suggested that the formation of a new dislocation is hindered by those dislocations already present. The hardening resulting from the interaction of newly forming dislocations with bound dislocations was designated as "formative hardening," and indicated to be the only type of hardening necessarily connected with the slip process. In another detailed picture of work hardening, Mott and Nabarro7 assumed that sufficient dislocations are primarily present in the crystal as a consequence of growth irregularities (mosaic structure) to initiate slip. Work hardening resulted from the interaction of migrating dislocations with localized internal stresses produced during deformation. More recently, however, Mott8 as modified his treatment to include the generation of dislocations at Frank-Read sources and he accounts for the hardening by the formation of sessile dislocations. It has been widely accepted that metals of hexagonal structure, usually possessing only one set of glide planes, exhibit mechanical behavior markedly different from those having cubic structures. However, the differences in behavior of the two classes may be less fundamental than suggested. Rohm and Kochendorfer9 have shown that a single crystal of aluminum subjected to approximately simple shear gives the type of stress-strain curve associated with the hexagonal metals. Similar behavior has been demonstrated for gold and silver crystals by Andrade and Henderson.'" Thus when glide in cubic metals is restricted to one plane, the strain hardening characteristics closely resemble those of the hexagonal metals. It would appear, therefore, that an investigation of some of the strain hardening properties of single crystals sheared in simple glide might provide a more complete understanding of the phenomenon of work hardening. This report relates a number of recent observations made on single crystals of copper, zinc, and cadmium tested in simple shear. In addition, pertinent observations of effects accompanying stress-induced movement of dislocation boundaries are reported. Experimental Procedure and Results Details of the production and advantages of the type of single-crystal shear specimen employed for the following tests have been presented in a previous publication.n The method of testing makes

Jan 1, 1954

THE Institute assembled in the Court-House, on Tuesday evening, May 22d, and was called to order by Vice-President E. B. Coxe. After announcement by the Local Committee of the programme for excursions, the Secretary read the following annual report of the Council The Council, in presenting to the Institute its annual report, has to record a most eventful year in the history of the Institute. Three meetings, as usual, have been held, two in Philadelphia and one in New York. At the Philadelphia meetings in June and October, there were present many distinguished foreign engineers, some of whom contributed communications to the Institute, and took part in its discussions. Sixty-seven papers have, in all, been presented to the Institute, which will be published in the fifth volume of Transactions. There has been an accession to the membership of 1 honorary member, 11 foreign members, and 162 members and associates; -8 have resigned, 6 have died, and 30 have been dropped from the roll, after due notification, for non-payment of dues. The membership now comprises 5 honorary members, 60 foreign members, and 644 members and associates, in all 699. As worthy of especial mention in the work of the year are the Discussions on Technical Education in connection with the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the report of the-International Committee appointed by the Institute to consider the nomenclature of iron and steel. The Discussions on Technical Education have been published in a separate volume, and comprise a valuable and suggestive collection of the views of practical engineers and educators. The report of the International Committee, composed of Messrs. Akerman, of Sweden; Bell, of England; Tunner, of Austria; Gruner, of France; Wedding, of Prussia; and Holley and Egleston, of the United States, has received the careful attention of engineers and metallurgists of all countries, and has met . with very general acceptance. Of the work of the Centennial Committee in Philadelphia the members are generally familiar, from personal experience, and from the detailed report of the committee at the last meeting of the Institute. But the record of the service rendered by this committee would he incomplete without mention of the numerous letters of thanks and formal expressions of obligations received by the Institute from individuals, societies, and governments abroad. The wise and generous spirit in which the work of the committee was planned, and the laborious and self-sacrificing manner in which it was carried out, call for emphatic expressions of thanks from the Institute. The gifts of Centennial exhibits to the Institute, largely as testimonials for services rendered, has necessitated the appointment of a Museum Committee for

Jan 1, 1878

By James R. Holden, Frederick E. Wang

Through both single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction methods, ten A6B23-type compounds have been confirmed to exist between lanthanides (A) (plus scandium and yttrium) and manganese (B); A = Y, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu. The formation of a compound of this type is shown to he extremely atomic size-sensitive; hence it can be classified as a "size-factorH compound. The "enveloping effect", a geometrical consideration observed in its crystal structure, is proposed as the reason for the A6B23-type compound being size-sensitive. The approximate ideal geometrical ratio of the radii R/r is 1.31 while experimentally A6B23-type compounds have a radius ratio lying within the range 1.2 to 1.4. FLORIO t al.' characterized the structure of Th6MnZ3 as fcc, space group Fm3m, with 116 atoms in the unit cell. Since then, a number of isotypic binary compounds, and recently Gd n,,' have been confirmed to exist. The fact that strontium and barium form A6Bz3-type compounds with magnesium strongly suggested the possible existence of Ba6Liz3. However, investigation3 showed the compound Ba6LiZ3 to be absent. Since both strontium and barium are group 11-a elements and are therefore "open metals",6 the nonexistence of Ba6LiZ3 can hardly be explained satisfactorily by valence-electron considerations. On the other hand, the consistent atomic-radius ratio, (R/r),* observed for the known A6Bz3-type compounds,3 strongly suggests that the formation of compounds of this type is atomic size-sensitive. Therefore, one is tempted to explain the nonexistence of Ba6LiZ3 entirely on the basis of the atomic-size difference between strontium and barium. However, this approach is not entirely without objection. Atoms are not rigid spheres and are known to vary in size within certain limits.7 Since the atomic-radius difference between strontium and barium (0.07 to 0.09A) is within these limits, it is reasonable to assume that the size difference would have a negligible effect on the formation of Ba6LiZ3. This view is further supported by the fact that the radius ratio, R/r, in other known "size-factor" compounds is observed to range widely—for example, from 1.08 to 1.45 for ABz-type compounds (C15, MgCuz type)' and from 1.37 to 1.58 for AB5-type compounds (D2d, CaZn5 type).g The present investigation was undertaken in order to find a more satisfactory explanation for the non-existence of Ba6LiZ3 and, consequently, a better understanding of the nature of the A6Bz3-type compound. The primary objectives are to confirm the previous conclusion3 that the A6B23-type compound is indeed a "size-factor" compound and subsequently to determine the atomic-radius ratio range in which the A6Bz3-type compound can exist. In order to achieve these objectives, stoichiometric A6Bz3 alloys, where manganese (B) was alloyed with various lanthanide elements (A), were selected for investigation. The atomic-radius ratios of lanthanide elements with manganese range from 1.26 for Lu/~n to 1.46 for Eu/Mn. This radius ratio range includes and exceeds the range of all previously reported A6Bz3-type compounds—1.32 for Th/Mn' through 1.38 for Sr/Li. Furthermore, the atomic-size difference between successive elements of the lanthanide series in order of atomic number) is of the order of 0.01A (europium and ytterbium are exceptions). The series of lanthanon-manganese alloy systems is ideally suited to a precise determination of the limits of allowable atomic-radius ratio for A6Bz3-type compound formation. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The lanthanide metals, in ingot form, supplied by Michigan Chemical Corp. (St. Louis, Mich.) and Nuclear Corp. of America (Burbank, Calif.), were guaranteed by the suppliers to be at least 99.9 wt pct pure (traces of silicon, calcium, and other minor constituents present on occasion, not to be more than 0.05 wt pct) as shown by spectrographic analysis. Manganese metal, in polycrystalline form, was redistilled from the commercial, chemically pure grade and was analyzed to be at least 99.95 wt pct pure. In all cases, the atom ratio between the two elements in each charge was A (rare-earth meta1):B (manganese) = 6:23 and a constant weight, 3 g, of

Jan 1, 1965

ALABAMA Aldrich -Thomas, D A Altoona -Cain, J Anniston -Cowie, L K Walmsley, W N White, H E Ashland -Sturdevant, J C Bankhead -Connaway, M B Bessemer-Ball, E M McKenzie, W C, Jr Mitchell, F R Morgan, C Thompson, N E Birmingham -Abbott, C E Adams, J H

Jan 1, 1923

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886

Jan 1, 1923

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886 THOMAS EGLESTON 1887

Jan 1, 1923

By AIME AIME

THE 1944 Chairman of the Institute of Metals Division might be classed as metallurgically ambidextrous ; he is teacher of theory and practice of both nonferrous and ferrous metallurgy, and he is consultant on brass and on highspred steel. Arthur Phillips was born in Troy N.Y. and attended the New Haven Connecticut high school. Upon graduation he entered Yale, receiving a degree in metallurgy in 1913. At that time Professor Mathewson was starting his plan of '"co-operation with the metal industries in metallographic work at the Hammond Laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University, and Arthur Phillip, became the first co-operative graduate student, working in the laboratory of the Bridgeport Brass Co., and receiving his Masters of Science degree in 1915. A little later, when the department of metallurgy at Yale was expanded. Me. Phillips was appointed assistant professor. In 1928 he was made associate professor, and in 1934 he was promoted to full professor.

Jan 1, 1944

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period of Feb. 10, 1918, to Mar 10, 1918. ADKINSON, HENRY M., Min. Engr Walker Bank Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah. BARKE, A. C., Min. Engr., United States Smelt., Refin. & Min. Exploration Co., 1503 Hobart, Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. BARKER, F. L., Prof. of Min. and Geol., Pei Yang University, Tientsin, China. BEASLEY, ALFRED F., Supt. Of Refinery, Bunker Hill & Sullivan Min. & Cone. Co., Kellogg, Idaho. BEEKLY, A. L Chief Geol., Cosden & Co., Tulsa, Okla. BELLIS, ARTHUR E Met., N. E. Westinghouse Co., Springfield, Mass. BRAIN, ELMER C Mgr., United Gold. Min. Co., Granite, Ore. BRUNER, CRANE S., Engr., American Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co., Carterville, Mo. COLLINS,. HARRY R Mech. Engr., Fuller Engineering Co., Allentown, Pa. CRANKSHAW, ALDEN, Experimental Met., New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pa.), Palmerton, Pa. GALLIGAN, EMMET F., Mine Supt., Homestead-Iron Dyke Mines Co., Inc., Homestead, Ore. GREENE, FRANK C Geol., Cosden Oil & Gas .Co., Tulsa, Okla. HALSEY, HOWARD G Field Engr., 0. M. Bilharz Min. Co., Miami, Okla. HARROUN, DOUGLASS HOUGHTON, Supt.., Aguascalientes Metal Co., Asientos, Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Jan 4, 1918

By Claus Guenter Goetzeil

(New York Meeting, February, 1937) The object of this investigation was to determine whether silver alloys could be used instead of the currently employed insert of high-expansion Average Coefficient per Deg. C. over Range 20° to 200° C. Pure aluminum..................................... 24.6 X 10-6 Cast low-expansion Si-Cu-Ni-A1 piston alloy............ 20.0 X 10-6 High-expansion austenitic Cu-Ni cast iron.............. 19.3 X 10-6 Cast steel (0.25-0.35 C, 0.40-1.0 Mn).................. 12.6 X 10-6 Cast iron (3.15 total C, 2.16 Si)....................... 12.8 X 10-6 Pure silver.......................................... 18.9 X 10-6 austenitic ferronickel alloy, to reduce the wear of ring grooves in light metal pistons. A typical example of a piston containing a ferronickel insert is shown in Fig. 1. The high coefficient of expansion of silver made it worthy of consideration, while the small size of the insert would render its use feasible in Germany as an emergency measure. The coefficients of linear expansion of several metals and ailoys are as shown in the table above. Obviously the melting point of the insert must be high enough to prevent it from melting when the light alloy is cast around it. This imposes a lower limit of about 850" C. for the solidus of the silver alloy. Pure silver melts at about 961" C., so that the tolerable depression in the solidus is rather small. To avoid deformation of the insert during use a Brinell hardness number of at least 60 appears necessary.

Jan 1, 1937

* Kennecott Copper Corp. gets Charles R. Cox as president on Jan. 1. Mr. Cox is resigning his position as president of Carnegie-Illinois to take the new post with Kennecott, left vacant by the death of Mr. Stannard in September. •The ECA signed a contract in December to advance X3,600,000 to Newmont Mining Corp. to aid development of lead and zinc mines in French Morocco. The funds are to be repaid in lead and zinc for the United States' stockpile over a period of seven years. The mines are owned by the Societe des Mines de Zellidja, with which organization Newmont is associated. • Under the direction of John M. Brooks, Jr., general manager, the Matahambra mine in Cuba, will probably produce sufficient tonnage to make 4 million lb of copper per month during 1950. The grade is presently running between 7 and 10 pet. •S. H. Ash reports that the fatality rate per million-man-hr for the anthracite industry for 1949, through November, is 0.78. This is 15 pct better than that achieved during 1948, which was the lowest fatal injury rate in coal mining history. The first full year on record without a major disaster was recorded in 1949 (p. 34). •The Atomic Energy Commission has authorized the production of 200 lb of uranium metal for use under AEC license in non-Commission research projects. •A national survey of projected 1950 purchases of new machine tools, machine tool accessories, materials handling equipment, etc., just completed by the American Society of Tool Engineers reveals that, of the companies reporting, 80 pct state that they plan to buy either more equipment or the same amount as in 1948. • Armour Research Foundation is conducting investigations for the use of clay and shale deposits to make lightweight aggregates. The material is heated until it expands and forms material suitable for mixing with cement which it is hoped will be lighter, stronger, have better insulating qualities and will lower the cost of concrete. •In the first six months of 1949 the bituminous coal miners' average hourly earnings were $1.94 -as compared with X1.392_ national average for all manufacturing. Average annual earnings of full-time employees in the bituminous coal mines in 1948 were $3387 as compared with $2809 for all industry. •LaSalle Business Bulletin reports: "year ends on a rising trend in industry and trade ... nearly record-breaking demand from almost all sources keeps business high... most indicators but little below postwar peak... forces keeping activity high arestill powerful--changes in general business conditions likely to be slow and moderate." •Office of Internal Trade of the Commerce Department requests that technical data significant to the national security which is to be sent outside of the United States be submitted to it for an official opinion on the desirability of transmitting such information. This voluntary compliance program is part of our national security control. • Blast furnace slag reduced to 12 to 16 mesh is being used for sanding track at the Mont Coal mines of Armco. The slag replaces silica sand which caused silicosis. It has proved so effective and cheap that tests are being made to use the slag for rock dusting.

Jan 1, 1950

By Carl Trischka

During fifty-three years of mining operations in the Warren mining district, the mineralization has been found to cover an area roughly 2 miles long by 155 miles wide. Ore extraction from the richer portions of this area has been closely followed by surface subsidence. At the western end of the district, where the ore outcrops at the surface and oxidation is more complete over a wide area, intense surface disturbance is visible in the form of closely spaced open cracks and escarpments. As work has progressed toward the east, more unoxidized ore-bodies have been found and mining has been at increasing depth, for which reasons surface subsidence is less intense and subsidence blocks become larger and in general are bounded by open cracks, which persist over long distances. There may also be traced on the surface what appears to be a boundary crack, running in a northwest-southeast direction, marking the present southerly limit of subsidence of the district as a whole. It is not completely developed, and has not as yet appeared over the very deep mining operations in the extreme easterly portion of the district. Check surveys show that vertical and horizontal dislocation is still taking place. All of the various mining operations, including open-pit work in porphyry ore and underground mining of limestone replacement and porphyry ores, have had their influence in disturbing the surface. As these influences frequently overlap, and because the surface disturbance is continuous over practically all ore occurrences, it is virtually impossible to choose an area sufficiently isolated to ascribe the amount of subsidence to any definite volume of ore removed. After due consideration of all factors, there has been selected for discussion an area 1400 ft. long by 1200 ft. wide, which will be referred to as the Queen Hill block. It is bounded on all four sides by faults, which tend to limit subsidence disturbance to that caused by ore mined from within the block, and likewise to prevent subsidence cracks due to mining outside of the block from entering the area.

Jan 1, 1934

By W. J. Romanow

RECENT papers by Williams, Sherwood, and Boothby,1 Seybolt et al.2 Heikes; and Roberts4 attest to the increasing importance of the hexagonal ferromagnetic compound MnBi. Since the magnetic properties of MnBi crystals are highly anisotropic, it is useful and necessary to have appropriate aids for determining their orientations—a (00.1) standard stereographic projection and a corresponding table of crystallographic angles for this structure. The tables of crystallographic angles for the hexagonal system available in the literature5 are computed for c/a ratios greater than that of MnBi and cannot satisfactorily be used to find the crystallographic angles of MnBi. A table of angles between the crystallographic planes (HK.L) and (hk.1) was calculated for MnBi from the formula0 F=are cos Hh+Kk+ 1/2(Hk+hK) + 3/4 (a/c)2Ll/v(H2 + K2 + HK + 3/4 (a/c)2L2) (h2+ k2+hk + 3/4 (a/c)2l2) on an IBM Type 650 Magnetic Drum Data Processing machine. The lattice constants used are listed in Table I and are those determined by Willis and Rooksby7 at 20°C. More recently published values obtained by both X-ray and neutron diffraction"' show no difference from these significant to the calculation. From the crystallographic angles between the basal plane (00.1) and the general plane (hk.1) in Table I, an (00.1) standard stereographic projection was made for MnBi which is shown in Fig. 1. Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank R. G. Treuting and J. N. Hobstetter for their technical assistance, and Miss D. P. Booth for programing the IBM machine for the calculations. He appreciates the opportunity to read the paper of B. W. Roberts of General Electric Co. prior to its publication. References 1H. J. Williams, R. C. Sherwood, and 0. L. Boothby: Bulletin Amer. Physical Soc., 1956 vol. 1, p. 132. 2 A. U. Seybolt, H. Hangen, B. W. Roberts, and P. Yurcisin: AIME Trans., 1956, vol. 206, p. 605: Journal oF Metals, May 1956. 3R. R. Heikes: Physical Review, 1955, vol. 99, p. 446. .B. W. Roberts: A Neutron Diffraction Study of the Structures of Manganese B.W.Roberts:ANeutronDiffractionBismuthide, Physical. Review, 1956, vol. 104, p. 607. 5 A. Taylor and S. Leber: AIME Trans., 1954, vol. 200, p. 190; JouRNal of Metals February 1954. « C. S. Barrett: Structure of Metals, 2nd Ed., p. 635. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York and London, 1952. 7B. T. M. Willis and H. P. Rooksby: Proceedings Physical Soc., London, 1954, vol. 67B, p. 290.

Jan 1, 1958

THE SECRETARY The year 1917 has been a notable one in Institute affairs. The usual activities, including meetings, publications, local section interests, library service, and so-forth, have been continued on at least the same scale as previously, and in addition the resources of the Institute have been placed without stint at the service of the Nation, not only for the active prosecution of the military side of the war, but even more especially in the industrial operations which form the very basis of modern warfare. The officers and directors of the Institute have labored both officially and individually, while the Institute as a body, through committees of, prominent members, and through many individual members, has given freely. Finally, Institute funds have been appropriated to an amount exceeding $5000 to accomplish the cooperation with Government bureaus, and provide committee expenses necessary for performing the services that have been given. The President of the Institute had a very large personal share in many of these activities, which will be described in the following pages, as well as in the President's own report. Many of the Institute's members are giving their whole time for. $1 a year, or less, and especial mention should be made of Herbert C. Hoover, Food Administrator, W. L. Honnold, Head of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, Mark L. Requa, Petroleum Administrator, Edgar Rickard and Charles W. Merrill of the Food Administration, S. A. Taylor of the Fuel Administration, W. L. Saunders, B. B. Thayer and Joseph W. Richards who .are giving a. large share of their time to the Naval Consulting Board, W. Y. Westervelt, W.0. Hotchkiss and Harvey S. Mud of the War Minerals Committee, David W. Brunton of the War Committee of Technical Societies, and hundreds of others whose names are mentioned in the Honor Roll of Members. It has also been a notable year in cooperation with sister-societies. The most important event under this head was the accession of the American Society of Civil Engineers into the fraternity of Founder Societies.

Jan 2, 1918

By H. C. George

As the basis for a round table discussion of Petroleum Engineering Education for the February, 1930, meeting of the Petroleum Division, A. I. M. E., the following questions were sent to about 60 of the leading engineers and educators in the petroleum industry: 1. Should there be any changes in the curricula of our courses in petroleum engineering to meet the changing demands of the Industry? If so, what changes?] 2. Should courses in petroleum engineering be offered through university extension? 3. Should the universities offer correspondence courses in petroleum engineering? 4. What should be the character of the graduate work offered in petroleum production engineering? 5. Should summer work in the oil fields, on pipe lines, or in oil refineries be required of undergraduates? If so, how much and of what character? The following men replied to the questions: G. B. Corless, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. J. R. McWilliams, Skelly Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. W. W. Scott, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. H. H. Power, Gypsy Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. L. G. E. Bignell, Oil K. Gas Journal, Tulsa, Okla. E. L. Estabrook, Pan American Petroleum & Transport Co., New York, N. Y. F. P. Donohue, Pan American Petroleum & Transport Co., New York, N. Y. C. 0. Rison, lndian Territory Illuminating Oil Co., Bartlesville, Okla. L. B. Holland, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. H. J. Kemler, Shell Petroleum Corpn., St. Louis, Mo. C. A. Bonine, Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa. J. 0. Lewis, Dunn & Lewis, Tulsa, Okla. A. G. Heggem, Tulsa, Okla. J. M. Lovejoy, Petroleum Bond & Share Corpn., New York, N. Y. B. B. Boatright, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo. A. C. Ruble, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. J. B. Umpleby, Goldelline Oil Corpn., Oklahoma City, Okla. R. S. Knappen, Gypsy Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. K. C. Heald, Gulf Companies, Pittsburgh, Pa. K. C. Sclater, Exchange National Bank Bldg., Tulsa, Okla. F. G. Tickell, Stanford University, Stanford University, Calif.

Jan 1, 1930

Institute of Metals Iron and Steel Mineral Industry Industrial Minerals Year Division Petroleum Division Division Coal Division Education Division Division 1918 W. M. CORSE ' 1919 " 1920 W. H. BASSETT 1921 1922 W. B. PRICE RALPH ARNOLD 1923 E. DEGOLYER 1924 G. K. ELLIOTT 1925 " F. JULIUS FOHS 1921; PAUL D. DIERICA " 1927 JOHN M, LOVEJOY 1928 S. SKOWRONSKI A. W. AMIBROSE RALPH Fl. SWEETSER 1929 " J. B. UMPLEBY G. B. WATERHOUSE 1930 ZAY JEFFRIES C. V. MILLIKAN \V. J. MACKENZIE HOWARD N. EAVENSON 1931 SAM TOUR C. E. BEECHER F. AT. BECRET 1932 C. H. MATHEWSON EARL OLIVER F. N. SPELLER THOMAS G. FEAR , C. H. FULTON 1933 T. S. FULLER W. E. WRATHER JOHN JOHNSTON ELI T. CONNER 1934 .J. L. CIIIRISTIE H. D. WILDE, .JR. L. F. REINARTZ T. T. READ 1935 W. M. PEIRCE HARRY H. POWER A. B. KINZEL JOHN T. RYAN SAMUEL H, DOLBEAR 1936 E.H. DIX,JR. HALLAN, N. MARSH C. E. WILLIAMS EUGENE McAULIFFE WILLIAM B; PLANK' OLIVER BOWIES 1937 A. J. PHILLIPS AL ALBERTSON FRANCIS B. FOLEY J. B. Moscow " CHESTER A.. FULTON 1938 R. F. MEHL G. B. CORLESS J. T. MACKENZIE PAUL WEIR FRANCIS A.THOALSON J. R. THOENEN 1939 R. H. LEACH W. I-1. G E I S J. HUNTER NEAD C. A. GIBBONS " AT. M. LEIGHTON 1940 C. A1. WISE T. V. MOORE F. T. SISCO C. E. LAWALL W. R. CHEDSEY W. M. WEIGEL 1941 D: K. CRAJIPTON E. A. STEPHENSON C. H. HERTY, JR. JULIAN E. TOBEY " . PAUL AT. TYLER 1942 CARL E. SWARTZ HARRY P. STOLZ E. C. SMITH NEWELL G. ALFORD A. F. GREAVES-WALKER B. L. MILLER 1943 CYRIL STANLEY SMITH C. A. WARNER HERBERT W. GRAHAM CADWALLADER EVANS, JR. " HOWARD 1. SMITH 1944 ARTHUR PHILLIPS W. S.-MORRIS WILLIAM A. HAVEN A. W. GAUGER A. C. CALLEN C. H. BEHRE, JR

Jan 1, 1944

"Located in Madison River Canyon, about 14 miles by road from Norris, Mont. Built in 1907 by Madison River Power Co.DAM: Rock filled wooden crib structure, 183 ft. long, 34 ft. high or 44 ft. to top of flashboards.SPILLWAY: 140 ft. long, equipped with flashboards 10 ft. high.PIPE: One 10-foot and one 12-foot wood-stave pipe, 7,515 feet long.PRESSURE: One pressure chamber, 32 ft. high, 30 ft. wide and 81 ft.CHAMBER: long, built of concrete.PENSTOCKS: 4 9-foot steel penstocks about 200 ft. long, one for each wheel.WATER WHEELS: 4 double horizontal, center discharge, Sampson special 44-inch turbines, 3,600 h-p., at 100 ft. head. Speed 300 r. p. m„ direct connected to generators.GENERATORS: 4 G. E., W. C., 2,250 k-w., 4,000 volts, 300 r. p. m., 3 phase, 60 cycles, alternators, with exciters mounted on same shaft.TRANSFORMERS: 12 G. E., W. C., 900 k-w., 60 cycles. High tension voltage 23,100, 34,650, 46,200; low tension voltage 4,000, 3,800, 3,600. Now operating at 46,200, delta connected. They can be connected Y for 40,000, 60,000 or 80,000.OPERATION: This is the principal plant of the whole system and carries most of the load."

Jan 1, 1913

A FACT not generally understood about the Engineering Societies Library on Thirty-ninth Street in New York -in particular, not realized by many of the great indus-tries of the country-is that it is a free public institution. To utilize its valuable facilities one does not have to be a member of the national engineering societies (which shoul-der its financial deficit each year). Anyone, at any place in the world, can use the library. A man in California, or in South America, or in Persia, can write or cable to the Library staff and receive information on the same basis as any engineer living in New York. For example, a few months ago an American mining en-gineer in China needed additional geological information about a district which he was about to explore. He cabled his need to the Engineering Societies Library and the next steamer brought him the data he wanted. A phosphorus company in Alabama wished to obtain a translation from the Norwegian of an article on cement which they had heard about. They wrote to the Engineer-ing Societies Library; the article was located, and a trans-lation made and sent them.

Jan 12, 1927