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By Yamei Han, Jiang Du, Jinhui Peng, Mengbi Fu, Libo Zhang, Zhengfu Zhang

"A continuously pilot synthesis by microwave-heating was used in preparing the cathode material LiNi113Co113Mn11302 for Li-ion battery, which used Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(0H)2 and LizC03 as raw materials. Decomposition of the raw materials and synthesis of LixNi113Co113Mn11302 would be fmished in single roasting process. In addition, using microwave-heating would reduce the reacting time largely. Furthermore, the yield of LixNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/302 synthetized in single roasting process was 50 kg. Meanwhile, the effects of Li:(Ni+Co+Mn) molar radio (Li:(Ni+Co+Mn)=l.06, 1.075, 1.09, 1.15) was studied in this paper. XRD, SEM and EIS were used in characterizing the cathode material. The results showed that the best Li:(Ni+Co+Mn) molar radio was 1.075. It was found that the LiNi113Co113Mn11302 synthetized with Li:(Ni+Co+Mn)=l.075 had homogenous distribution of particles and ideal layered structure. The galvanostatic charge-discharge(O. l C, 2. 75-4.3V, vs. Lt /Li) tests showed that the initial discharge capacity of the LixNi113Co113Mn11302 was 159.5mAh·g-1, and the discharge capacity was 157.6mAh·g·1after10 cycles.IntroductionRecently, as the cobalt was expensive and the restriction of dynamic power, the commercial cathode Li2Co02 which was expensive, toxic, and high pollution had exposed its defects[1·2l. Since T.Ohzuku[3l first reported the layered LiNi113Co113Mn11302, this material had high reversible capacity and caused the attentions of researchers[4l. Its reversible capacity was l 60mAh/g and 200mAh/g in the voltage range of 2.75-4.3V[5-61. But for the present, preparing LiNiwCowMnw02 by traditional had lots of disadvantages, such as the long heating time, the high cost and the volatizing of lithium and so on[7-9l. According to these, traditional prepatation wasn't good for sustainable development and energy conservation."

Jan 1, 2013

Mine Terex articulated dump trucks are working on a large restoration project of an abandoned open cast coal site in Blacklaw, central Scotland. The project is part of the construction of a 42-turbine wind farm complex. During the scheduled 18-month duration of the project, three 28-t(31-st) Generation 7 TA30 dump trucks and the six 36.5-t (40-st) TA40articulated trucks are estimated to move about 1Mm3 (1.3 million cu yd)of material. The trucks are working12-hour shifts, 5.5days a week.

Jan 1, 2005

By R. P. Abendroth

This study is concerned with the kinetics of selective oxidation of chromium in a commercial Fe-Cr-Ni alloy. Selective oxidation of chromium in this alloy, by use of a low oxygen-potential atmosphere, leads to the formation of a compact, protective layer of Cr2O3. This layer serves to protect this alloy from gross scaling when it is subsequently exposed to severe oxidizing conditions at high temperature. The interaction of low oxygen-potential atmospheres close to equilibrium with Fe-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys has been studied by others."' These studies werk concerned with the surface-structure variations under slightly oxidizing conditions. NO detailed study was made of the oxide scale formation kinetics, however. The alloy samples were cut from 0.012-in.-thick sheet, with an apparent surface area of 7.1 sq cm. These sheet samples were abraded through 4/0 metallographic paper, and washed in alcohol and acetone. The analysis of the sheet alloy is (in weight percent): 42 pct Ni, 5.5 pct Cr, 0.09 pct C, 0.18 pct Al, 0.36 pct Si, 0.26 pct Mn, balance Fe. The weight gain vs time data were obtained with a 2-g capacity fused-silica spring—cathetometer system. The spring deflection was optically magnified ten times before being read by the cathetometer. A sensitivity of about 0.01 mg was attainable. The spring was enclosed in a water jacket maintained at 60°C to minimize the effect of temperature changes. The sample was suspended from the spring with a fused-silica hangdown and was positioned in the thermal center of a mullite furnace tube. Sample temperature was read with the aid of a thermocouple placed outside the mullite tube and an inside vs outside temperature calibration. Temperature change during the course of a run was ±0.25°C, with a temperature gradient of less than l.O°C over the length of the sample. Total temperature uncertainty was no more than ±3.0°C. Alignment difficulties between the hangdown and radiation shields in the furnace tube required that the sample be positioned in the furnace when cold, and heated with the furnace until the temperature stabilized at the desired point. This required 5 to 6 hr, and was carried out in Matheson ultrahigh-purity hydrogen. Oxidation was started, after evacuation, by introducing a hydrogen-water vapor mixture, obtained by saturating hydrogen with water vapor at 31.00o ± 0.02oC. Oxidation was continued for 90 min. Gas flow was 300 ml per min during heat up and oxidation. Since only several milligrams of oxide are formed on each sample, chemical analysis of the oxide is difficult. A representative analysis is: 80 pct Cr2O3, 5 pct Fe2O3, 3 pct Al2O3, 4 pct MnO, 7 pct SiO2, 1 pct or less NiO. X-ray diffraction analysis of the oxide as formed on the alloy gives rhombohedra1 Cr2O3, and barely distinguishable amounts of a cubic spinel phase, and possibly AlZOs and SO2. The identification of these latter two compounds is by no means certain. The spinel phase could be based on iron or manganese as these elements are present in significant amounts in the oxide. The results of the kinetic studies using 31°C dew-point hydrogen-water vapor mixtures were found to conform to a parabolic rate law. In many cases the parabolic plot consisted of two intersecting straight lines, defining an early and a late rate for a particular run, and in the other cases the parabolic plot consisted of one straight line for the entire run. The slopes of the various straight lines were determined by the method of least squares. Reproducibility of the data was good enough for multiple runs at the same temperature such that the value given for the rate constant is the average for two or more closely similar values, rather than widely varying values of the rate, where more than one determination is indicated in Table I. The exhibition of only one or of two rate constants during a run can happen at the same temperature. Thus, Table I shows that at 11'74°C a single rate constant was obtained from one sample, while other samples oxidized at the same temperature gave an early and a late rate constant. It should be noted that the single rate constant corresponds very closely with the early rate constant. This is also true at 1153°C. The time at which the late rate started to appear was variable, usually occurring 20 to 40 min after oxidation had started.

Jan 1, 1964

H. G. Haemers (Ghent University, Belgium)—The authors claimed "the results of their work indicate that the metals can be arranged in a sulfation series similar in its application for selective sulfation tot the electromotive series for displacement of metals from solution". The series as stated in decreasing order for tendency of SO3 give up, is the same as that stated by free energy diagrams. Indeed, the degree of stability of a sulfate is measured by the free energy of sulfate formation out of the corresponding metal oxide and SO3. The more negative the value of the free energy (-DG) the greater the stability of the sulfate. As a second consequence this statement results in a relative aptitude for capture of SO3 by each metal oxide when brought in contact with the sulfate of other metals. Let M1 and M1 be the two metals, and — DG1 and — DG2 their free energy values at temperature T. Both sulfates are stable at temperature T if - DG1 < O and — DG2 < O. In case where — DG1 < — DG2 the stability of M1SO4 is greater than that of M2SO4, and when M1O (oxide of

Jan 1, 1958

By C. E. Van Orstrand

An intrusive body is a mass of igneous rock that has migrated upward, presumably from great depths. Great variations in form, composition and depth of burial occur. It is not proposed in this paper to go into all of the details of the problem. Instead, it mill be assumed here that the intrusive has the form and characteristics represented in Fig. I. According to W. 11. Emmons minerals are not deposited in appreciable quantities below the "dead line." Important amounts of ores of virtually all metals may be found around summit cupolas, but only gold, copper and zinc (in limited quantities) are usually associated with trough cupolas. Most students of ore deposits agree that temperature changes are largely instrumental in precipitating many ores in the "hood" and that the difference in temperature between the intrusive and that of the country rock may be the chief factor in determining the mineralogy of a deposit. A problem then of some interest is to correlate the principal physical features of the intrusive with the phenomena of heat conduction as evidenced by the cooling curves and the isothermal surfaces. Mathematical Theory In order to show the possible application of heat conduction to the interpretation of the processes of metalliferous deposition associated with intrusives, it will be as- sumed that the intrusive is a large par-allelopiped of dimensions, 2l, 2m, 2n. The equation that represents the flow of heat from the parallelopiped into country rock (v = o, 1 = o), which has the same thermal properties as the intrusive, is2,3 l-x v I FT 2 [2 2 — l-x m — y — m — y n — z In this equation, the origin, x = o, y = o, z = o, is at the center of the parallelopiped. v = temperature at point x, y, z, time 1. v, = initial temperature throughout the intrusive, 1 = o. k = coefficient of thermal diffusivity. a, ß, y are variables of integration. Put n = m in Eq. I, and we have v I [2/5 [2I-x 2 — l-x m — y 2 2 2 kt 2 20xt e-a2da ebrdß

Jan 1, 1946

By C. E. Van Orstrand

An intrusive body is a mass of igneous rock that has migrated upward, presumably from great depths. Great variations in form, composition and depth of burial occur. It is not proposed in this paper to go into all of the details of the problem. Instead, it mill be assumed here that the intrusive has the form and characteristics represented in Fig. I. According to W. 11. Emmons minerals are not deposited in appreciable quantities below the "dead line." Important amounts of ores of virtually all metals may be found around summit cupolas, but only gold, copper and zinc (in limited quantities) are usually associated with trough cupolas. Most students of ore deposits agree that temperature changes are largely instrumental in precipitating many ores in the "hood" and that the difference in temperature between the intrusive and that of the country rock may be the chief factor in determining the mineralogy of a deposit. A problem then of some interest is to correlate the principal physical features of the intrusive with the phenomena of heat conduction as evidenced by the cooling curves and the isothermal surfaces. Mathematical Theory In order to show the possible application of heat conduction to the interpretation of the processes of metalliferous deposition associated with intrusives, it will be as- sumed that the intrusive is a large par-allelopiped of dimensions, 2l, 2m, 2n. The equation that represents the flow of heat from the parallelopiped into country rock (v = o, 1 = o), which has the same thermal properties as the intrusive, is2,3 l-x v I FT 2 [2 2 — l-x m — y — m — y n — z In this equation, the origin, x = o, y = o, z = o, is at the center of the parallelopiped. v = temperature at point x, y, z, time 1. v, = initial temperature throughout the intrusive, 1 = o. k = coefficient of thermal diffusivity. a, ß, y are variables of integration. Put n = m in Eq. I, and we have v I [2/5 [2I-x 2 — l-x m — y 2 2 2 kt 2 20xt e-a2da ebrdß

Jan 1, 1946

By Josué Claudio Metz

A concepção de desenvolvimento sustentável tem resultado no aumento de pressões ambientais para a melhoria da eficiência na utilização de recursos, e para a significativa redução das emissões e da geração de resíduos. No processo de fabricação de aço nas siderúrgicas com fornos elétricos a arco ocorre a geração do resíduo sólido denominado pó de aciaria elétrica (PAE). O PAE é constituído por diferentes óxidos metálicos. Contém cromo, chumbo e cádmio e, por isso, é classificado como resíduo classe I – Perigoso pela NBR 10004 [1]. Gerado em grandes quantidades diariamente em todo o país, o PAE é disposto principalmente em aterros industriais. A indústria da construção civil, devido a quantidade de matérias-primas consumida e variedade de produtos disponíveis – cimento, concreto, agregado, cerâmica, entre outros, apresenta-se como alternativa para a reciclagem de resíduos gerados em outros setores da econômica. Estudos indicam o potencial uso do PAE na produção de materiais da construção civil, tais como cimento e concreto. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre a viabilidade técnica da adição do PAE ao cimento como alternativa de valorização desse resíduo. Os estudos sugerem que em quantidades próximas a 1%, a adição de PAE não afeta de forma significativa as propriedades do cimento.

Aug 16, 2017

By A. F. Crawley

The density and viscosity of 1iquid thallium have been measured by absolute methods to temperatures of about 200° and 150°C, respectively, above the melting point. These new data reported, especially density data, do not closely confirm previous work. Density p, in g per cu Cm, is shown to vary linearly with temperaluve t, in °C, according to the equation p = 11.658 - 1.439 X l0-3t. The viscosity data obey the well-known Andrade equation nv1/3 = A exp C/vT , the constants A and C for thallium having values of 2.19 x A and 79.648, respectively. This paper reports some new data for the density and viscosity .of liquid thallium. Measurements of these fundamental physical properties were undertaken as part of a continuing research program at the Mines Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. Canada. A literature search has revealed that data are so scarce that there could not be a consensus on the true values of the density and viscosity of liquid thallium. To be more specific, there exists only one set of viscosity data&apos; and only two acceptable sets of density data,273 one of which is limited in scope.3 In Liquid Metals Handbook,3 another density study is reported but indications of impurities in the thallium render the results suspect. In this situation, further careful experimentation was required to realize the true density and viscosity of thallium. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Density. Densities were determined using a graphite pycnometer. The technique and its accuracy have been discussed in earlier papers.4&apos;5 It is considered that experimental data can be obtained which are accurate within +0.05 pct, all sources of random and systematic errors having been evaluated. Density results for thallium were identical whether measured under an atmosphere of argon or a vacuum of 5 x 10-6 torr and, for the most part, the argon atmosphere was used. Viscosity. Viscosity measurements were made in an oscillational viscosimeter by an absolute method—the liquid metal being held in a closed graphite cylinder. Design and operation of the apparatus, constructed in this laboratory, have previously been discussed.6 For thallium, runs were made under a vacuum of about 2 x 10-6 torr. To evaluate viscosity coefficients from the various experimental parameters, the mathematical analysis of Roscoe7 was used. Measurements of the necessary parameters and the accuracy of these measurements have also been discussed.6 The cylinder dimensions were corrected for the anisotropic expansion of graphite, as discussed for density measurements.4,5 It is well-known that thallium oxidizes rapidly and hence a newly machined surface quickly tarnishes in air. The oxide film, however. is nonadherent and is easily removed by rubbing or by solution in water. Hence, immediately before use, both density and viscosity charges were immersed in water, wiped dry, and quickly transferred to the apparatus which was then rapidly evacuated. Specimens removed after determinations were only slightly tarnished and there was no other evidence that tarnishing affected the results. For example, the sharpness of the specimen edges from the containing vessels indicated complete filling by the liquid metal. Thallium of 99.999 pct purity was used in this investigation. Because of its high toxicity care was exercised in handling this material. For example, the melting procedure to prepare machinable ingots was carried out in an open, well-ventilated area, while protective gloves were always worn when handling the solid metal. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Density. Measurements were made over a tempera-ture range of about 200°C above the melting point. The results are listed in Table I and plotted in Fig. 1. From the graph it is evident that the relation between density and temperature is linear. Such a relation has been observed before in this program for other metals and alloys475 and elsewhere by other workers. A least-squares analysis of experimental data gives the equation: pT1 = 11.658 - 1.439 x 10-3t where p = density in g per cu cm and t = temperature in "C. In Fig. 1, together with the present results, the data of Schneider and Heymer2 in the corresponding temperature range have also been plotted. Evidently, the two sets of data do not agree well, the results of Schneider and Heymer being about 0.6 pct higher. Viscosity. Viscosity data were obtained from the melting point, 303.5°C, up to 457.5"C. The data are listed in Table I and in Fig. 2 the plot of these results demonstrates a smooth curvilinear relation between

Jan 1, 1969

By Dan Wang, Qiuju Li, Xiao Guo

The chemical states and ions interaction were significant interest to understanding columbite mineral/acid solution interface dissolution and reaction. The present research work was focus to explore the specific cations ( Nb5+, Fe2+, Fe3+) distribution near the ferrocolumbite mineral/acid solution interface, and determine these cations leaching sequence in sulfuric acid solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy had the potential to provide detailed dissolution information by resolving chemical state and ion distribution of ferrocolumbite during sulfuric acid leaching process. The binding energy decreased in sequence as Nb5+- O < Fe2+- O < Fe3+- O, and increased in sequence as Fe3+- SO4 < Fe2+- SO4 < Nb5+- SO4 which revealed Nb in ferrocolumbite mineral more easily leached comparing to Fe. The ratio of Fe2+- O/Fe3+-O on leaching residue decreased, and Fe2+- SO4/Fe3+-SO4 ratio increased as sulfuric acid contraction increasing suggested that the Fe2+ oxidized to Fe3+ and released Nb from mineral and dissolved into leaching solution. The ratio of Nb/Fe was lower 0.07 with sulfuric acid contraction increasing which meant Nb dissolution promoted by oxidation of iron. The dissolution mechanism of Fe element in ferrocolumbite mineral was Fe2+- O broken and generated Fe2+. Fe2+ was oxidized to Fe3+ in concentrated sulfuric acid leaching solution. The dissolution mechanism of Nb in ferrocolumbite was that Nb5+- O was directly digested by H+, and the released Nb5+ complex with SO4 2− ion formed cation − anion pairs. The coordination of formation Nb5+- SO4 pairs and oxidation Fe2+ in mineral could promote ferrocolumbite dissolution.

Aug 5, 2023

By Flávia Tereza dos Santos Fernandes Tolomelli

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar as temperaturas de transformação de fases por meio de termodinâmica computacional (A1 e A3), dilatometria (Ac1 e Ac3) e monitoramento do resfriamento ao ar após passes de laminação a quente em escala piloto (Ar3 e Ar1). Objetiva ainda descrever a evolução microestrutural da austenita em um aço baixo C microligado ao Nb onde se almeja a produção de um aço ferrítico-bainítico, coletando-se amostras após cada passe de laminação através do congelamento da microestrutura por intermédio de resfriamento em salmoura com o objetivo adicional de verificar a ocorrência de recristalização entre passes.

Jul 30, 2018

Remote methane detection State and federal regulations require frequent measurements to verify that safe methane levels are maintained in underground coal mines. Ventilation control is the primary means of maintaining safe methane levels. In the immediate face area, where the highest methane levels occur, methane measurements are required every 20 minutes during active mining. To perform these measurements, temporary roof supports must be erected. This allows a miner to reach the face. There a hand-held methanometer is used to make the measurements. This procedure is time consuming and potentially hazardous. To facilitate the measuring process and reduce the miner&apos;s exposure to roof falls, the US Bureau of Mines has developed a prototype optical device. It can measure methane remotely from distances up to 12 m (40 ft). The device uses two infrared signals, reflected from the coal face, rib, or roof. One signal is absorbed by the methane, the other is not. The ratio of the two signals determines the average methane concentration in the face area. The prototype detector has also been successfully tested at the Lake Lynn, PA Laboratory. Instantaneous responses were obtained for methane in the ventilation airflow and for methane layered near the roof. Conventional methanometers required from five to 25 seconds to respond to the methane in the ventilation airflow. They did not respond to methane in the roof layer. For more information about the Bureau of Mines&apos; remote detection research, contact Richard W. Watson, US Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Research Center, Box 18070, Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 or call (412) 892-6630. Ignition suppression system The incidence has increased of fractional spark ignition at the mine face. One reason is the advent of mechanical mining. Another is the more difficult ventilation conditions associated with deeper and more extensive underground workings. To cope with the problem of frictional ignition, the Bureau of Mines initiated research to develop a system that would provide rapid detection of incipient methane-air ignition. Then, rapid dispersion of a quenching agent would ensure that the methane flame was extinguished while it was still relatively small. This concept was successfully demonstrated by suppressing explosions in the Bureau&apos;s Bruceton, PA experimental mine. But the bulkiness of the early storage-dispersal system proved impractical to retrofit onto face equipment. In a cooperative effort by the Bureau and the Mine Safety and Health Administration, a more compact system has been developed and is being tested. A continuous mining machine has been equipped with four 1.8-m-long (6-ft-long) and two

Jan 9, 1987

By Natália Cristina Candian Lobato

Questões como a variação no preço dos minérios, a escassez dos minérios de qualidade e a preocupação contínua com a sustentabilidade faz com que a indústria busque matérias-primas alternativas, o que estimula o uso dos resíduos. Dentro da siderurgia, muitos resíduos gerados possuem elevados teores de metais, logo podem retornar ao ciclo produtivo após passar por tratamentos adequados, acarretando, assim, em economia ao processo. A carepa é um resíduo composto de mais de 60% de ferro. Devido à esta característica já é parcialmente reaproveitada pela siderurgia, porém a presença eventual de óleos em sua composição ainda faz com que parte desse resíduo seja destinada a aterros industriais. A carepa também pode ser empregada como matéria-prima em outros processos industriais. Assim, o intuito deste trabalho é apresentar rotas de reaproveitamento da carepa siderúrgica.

Aug 16, 2017

By Thiago Figueiredo Azevedo

Ligas de titânio e nióbio têm sido desenvolvidas devido a possibilidade de modificar as propriedades mecânicas por envelhecimento. No presente estudo ligas TiNb com diferentes concentrações de Nb e com adição de estanho foram obtidas por fusão a vácuo, deformadas a frio e posteriormente tratadas por diferentes tempos de envelhecimento. Foi observado que todas as ligas em todas as condições apresentam as mesmas fases ß, a” e ?, no entanto, apresentam diferentes microestruturas. Isso se refletiu nas propriedades mecânicas das ligas, onde obtevese maiores durezas com o envelhecimento em 48 horas em todas as ligas, esse aumento de dureza foi quase o dobro para as ligas com maiores teores de nióbio (Ti42Nb e Ti42Nb2Sn).

Aug 16, 2017

By Oliver C. Ralston

[The NOJ&apos;l..metals Division deals wi tt mi:leral n t inte .ded to be used a ra\o,f materials for extraction of metals. ~ _ ereas, a. materinl containing a chromite, if used&apos; for production of c~1r()rrti1..1r.&apos;l ::tetE&apos; .. l or fcrrochromiu"1, 1,oJould be a chromi te ore, if used as 8. rcfrn.cto~J or for prod .1.ction of chromium chemicals, it is a chromi te-beari [. ~?oCl... Li;{eHise, a r:1a&neti te used for production of iron is a metallifero"&apos;..ls ~in8re..i; if used 8.S a water-filtration granule in .:l magne.tically cleaned filter bed, it &apos;ould be a nonmetallic in-dustrial mineral.]

Jan 1, 1940

By Amanda Thicyane de Miranda Duarte de Souza

A crescente demanda de energia elétrica em nosso país sobrecarrega o Sistema de Transmissão [Tx] e Distribuição [Dx], e gera a necessidade de constantes ampliações para não prejudicar o desenvolvimento do Brasil. Neste contexto foram realizados estudos visando avaliar o efeito da adição de três teores de Ni em uma liga Al-0,05%Cu-[0,24-0,28]%Fe-0,7%Si destinada à produção de cabos elétricos. O estudo parte da verificação e posterior comparação das características estruturais, mecânicas e elétricas da liga com a adição do elemento citado. Para a realização do mesmo, os perfis estudados foram obtidos por solidificação estática direta em lingoteira metálica e as amostras foram obtidas a partir de perfis solidificados, usinados e deformados a frio para diferentes diâmetros. Nestas circunstâncias, o diâmetro de 3,0 mm foi aquele que apresentou as melhores respostas elétricas, mecânicas e estruturais, sendo, portanto, adotado como fonte de estudo.

Aug 7, 2018

By Pedro Boson Gambogi

Aços com microestrutura completamente perlítica são utilizados para fabricação de componentes submetidos a condições severas de carregamento mecânico frequentemente combinado com atrito. Estes aços têm desempenho mecânico afetado principalmente pelo espaçamento interlamelar da perlita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi demonstrar os benefícios do uso da Microscopia de Força Atômica para determinar o espaçamento interlamelar da perlita de um aço eutetóide laminado a quente. Para tal, imagens da microestrutura de amostras retiradas na direção longitudinal e transversal à laminação foram obtidas e processadas com auxílio de um Microscópio de Força Atômica. Como resultado, destaca-se o fato da técnica utilizada ter se mostrado uma ferramenta versátil para caracterização quantitativa do espaçamento interlamelar da perlita. Foi observado espalhamento dos valores medidos do espaçamento interlamelar principalmente influenciado pelas condições de resfriamento do aço durante a transformação austenita-perlita.

Aug 16, 2017

By Fábio Rogério do Carmo

O ar soprado é uma das principais utilidades responsáveis pelo processo de transformação do minério de ferro em gusa no Auto Forno. Para que ocorra o processo de redução o ar soprado é superaquecido nos regeneradores dos autos fornos a uma temperatura de 1.300°C. Este energético é fornecido na CSN-UPV pelos turbos sopradores da Central Termoelétrica nº 2 (CTE#2), área dos Motos Sopradores 1 e 2 e os turbos sopradores n°1 e 3 da CTE#1 que operam com a velocidade reduzida 24 horas soprando para atmosfera e consumindo vapor de 30Bar. Devido à obsolescência do sistema de ar soprado da CTE#1, alto custo de operação e risco para a segurança operacional, este trabalho apresenta o estudo do problema em questão, a metodologia utilizada para desativação do ar soprado da CTE-1 e a redução de custo.

Sep 25, 2017

By Franz Ramstorfer

Impressões de Baumann são utilizadas amplamente nas aciarias para a avaliação e monitoramento da qualidade interna de placas: em particular a segregação central. A análise e monitoramento da segregação central é uma base importante do monitoramento da condição da máquina de lingotamento contínuo, da otimização dos parâmetros do processo de lingotamento contínuo e da qualidade das placas. Em geral, o tipo e a intensidade da segregação central são determinados através da comparação da imagem real com imagens de referência do padrão aplicado. O presente trabalho foi focado no desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de análise computacional, precisa e fácil de usar pelos operadores do laboratório de Baumann. O objetivo foi estabelecer uma base padronizada e confiável para o processo de monitoramento da segregação central. A metodologia desenvolvida é baseada em processamento de imagem computacional de uma impressão de Baumann em tons de cinza. Observou-se que a classificação de segregação pode ser realizada com uma precisão excelente através da análise computacional dos dados de imagem da segregação central. O procedimento de classificação foi implementado com a utilização de uma rede neural feed forward.

Jul 29, 2018

By Vitor Luiz Sordi, Gustavo Henrique Pelissari

O AISI201LN é um aço inoxidável austenítico com teor reduzido de Ni em relação aos tradicionais da série 300 e com adições de Mn e N como estabilizadores da austenita. Os aços da série 200 se propõem a substituir outros inoxidáveis em algumas aplicações com vantagem econômica pela redução do Ni, porém há pouca informação sobre o seu comportamento em temperaturas elevadas. Este trabalho avalia a resistência à tração do AISI 201LN na temperatura ambiente e na faixa de 500ºC a 800ºC e a resistência à fluência na temperatura de 700ºC. Observou-se que, comparado a outros inoxidáveis austeníticos, o material estudado tem resistência à tração comparável em temperatura ambiente e mantem boa relação ductilidade – resistência no intervalo de 500ºC a 800ºC. O aço AISI201LN apresentou desempenho em testes de fluência na temperatura de 700oC comparável ao de outros aços inoxidáveis austeníticos largamente utilizados para aplicações em altas temperatura, incentivando assim a ampliação dos estudos em outros intervalos de tensões e temperaturas.

Oct 21, 2019

The aim of this investigation was to study the influence that varying production rates have on iron sinter quality. This was done by performing sinter pot tests at different pressure drops over the sinter bed, namely 11 kPa and 15 kPa (for 500 mm total bed depths). During each of the sintering processes temperature-time profiles were recorded of the top, middle and bottom layers of the sinter bed. On completion of the sinter process the sinter cakes were divided into top, middle and bottom layers. The physical properties of each layer were subsequently characterized by performing a tumbler test and a sieve analysis. A comprehensive mineralogical study was also conducted on each layer. This study revealed that sinters of similar cold strength could be produced under the examined production rates. However, a higher production rate was accompanied by an increased amount of fines. The cold strengths of both sinters significantly increased from the top layer to the bottom layer of the sinter bed. This strength variation is not related in any simple way to the phase composition. Keywords: Sinter, sinter bed, production rate, phase composition, cold strength, tumbler index, sieve analysis, temperature-time profile

Jan 1, 2003