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Aamot, Olav Crone, Research Engr., Guggenheim Bros. Labs., 3,771 10th Ave., New York, N. Y. '29 Abbott, Clarence E., V.P., Charge of Raw Materials, Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., 1242 Brown-Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abbott, Louis Benjamin, Chief Engr., Consolidation Coal Co., Watson Bldg., Fairmont, W. Va. '15 Abeel, George H., Jr., Cons. Min. Engr 128/ S. Canon Dr., Beverly Hills, Calif. '18 Abel, Raymond L., Asst. Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin., Univ. of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pa. '28 Abel, Walter D., Cons. Engr 364 S. Cloverdale Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. '32 Abele, Louis T 1457 Euclid Ave., Zanesville, Ohio. '31 Abell, Leo M Sullivan Concentrator, Chapman Camp, B. C., Canada. '31 Abort, Robert H., Asst. Met., Research Lab., U. S. Steel Corp., Lincoln Highway, Kearny, N. J. '19 Abraham, W. E. V., East India United Service Club, 16 St. James' Sq., London, S. W. 1, England. '28 Abstain, Henry T., Engr. & Mgr., Profile-Tamarack Mines Co Yellow Pine, Idaho. '27 Acker, E. O'C., Met 128 East Washington Late, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. '86 Ackermat, D. E., Research Met., International Nickel Co., Inc. Bayonne, N. J. '35 Acres, T. H., Geol. Dept., Valuation & Pet. Engrg., Richfield Oil Co., 555 S. Flower St., Los Angeles, Calif. '29

Jan 1, 1934

By Heidy de Oliveira Simões

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as correlações entre o IPM (Índice de Permeabilidade Magnética) das pelotas queimadas, as trincas formadas durante o processamento das pelotas no pelotamento/endurecimento e o FeO de cada amostra. As análises evidenciaram que o tipo de trinca presente na pelota impacta no IPM fazendo diminuir a correlação entre IPM e FeO. O entendimento do fenômeno possibilitou desenvolver uma metodologia para determinação de um parâmetro que pudesse ser correlacionado ao FeO das pelotas de minério de ferro, estendendo sua aplicação ao pellet feed, baseado nas propriedades magnéticas do material. O método consiste em medir a variação da indutância de um solenoide, provocada pela introdução do material que se deseja determinar o parâmetro no núcleo de uma bobina, determinando-se relativamente a permeabilidade magnética das pelotas e pellet feed. Para tal, foi definida uma metodologia nas quais alterações devidas à variação da densidade da amostra, causadas principalmente devido a trincas nas pelotas, sejam mitigadas, garantindo a repetibilidade dos resultados. Assim, foi possível a determinação do FeO das amostras através da medição deste novo parâmetro, de forma mais rápida, fácil e com um custo consideravelmente menor que na química analítica clássica.

Aug 1, 2018

By G. E. Rowan

"DURING the dark ages, the cherished dream of chemists was to find a process for converting base metal into gold. Many a wealthy-but-gullible patron lost a fortune in the search. Men who work with metals today are a bit more realistic. I haven't heard of a metallurgist who expects to develop any one alloy that will resist all corrosive media. In the field of stain-less steels, there are about forty different types of alloys that are used where corrosion is a •problem.A stainless product is ordinarily selected because it offers one or more of the following qualities:(1) Resistance to corrosion (2) Resistance to oxidation at high temperatures (3) Good mechanical properties at room temperature (4) Good mechanical properties at high or low temperature (5) Attractive appearance (6) Ease of maintenanceToday we are interested in discussing the stainless steel family of alloys because of their .ability to resist corrosion. We• will not try to explain the Theory of Corrosion. Let us assume that, when surface potential and oxide formations are properly controlled, iron will resist attack in various chemi.cal solutions. The addition of alloying elements to iron does this for stainless steels. The principal stainless alloys used by various Canadian industries are listed in the accompanying Table."

Jan 1, 1959

By M. F. Koehler

[THE LITERATURE contains relatively few thermodynamic values for interoxidic compounds, and these often are unreliable. This is especially true of data for ferrites and aluminates for which heat of formation determinations may involve extreme experimental difficulties. This report contains the results of new experimental work for obtaining the heats of formation of five ferrites (Ca2Fe2O5, CaFe2O4, MgFe2O4,, NaFeO2, and LiFeO2) and one aluminate (CaAl4O7), and a review and revision of previous similar work of this laboratory on five aluminates (Ca3A12O6,, 12/7 CaO-Al2O3, CaAl2O4, NaA1O2, and LiAlO2), The results for the 11 compounds are combined with entropy and high-temperature heat content data to derive tables of heats and free energies of formation (both from the oxides and from the elements) for the temperature range 298° 1,800° K, The relative stabilities of the compounds are discussed. The presented data all have application to ceramic reactions, and those for the calcium and sodium aluminates are applicable in considering soda-lime sintering processes for extracting alumina from silicate minerals such as day and labradorite.]

Jan 1, 1961

By Claudio José Martins da Silva

A planta siderúrgica da TKCSA possui em seu sistema de distribuição de gás dois flares (bleeders) que possuem funções distintas durante o regime normal de operação. O flare 2 é responsável por queimar o gás de alto forno de baixo poder calorífico, gerado no início do processo de partida do alto-forno até que o gás atinja as características adequadas para o aproveitamento e ser direcionado para o gasômetro. Já o flare 1 trabalha em conjunto com o gasômetro no processo de controle de pressão e vazão excedente de gás, quando da redução intempestiva de consumo de gás de alto forno. O presente trabalho apresenta a solução implantada pela TKCSA para garantir, sob quaisquer condições de fornecimento de energia elétrica, a operação dos equipamentos elétricos e de todo o sistema de automação e controle operacional dos flares. Podemos dizer que a operação do flares torna-se autônoma e relação ao sistema elétrico e sistema de automação e controle da distribuição de gás de alto forno. O sistema implantado promoveu uma elevação na segurança operacional dos flares, já que, a autonomia operacional impede o apagamento da chama eliminado a possibilidade de lançamento de gás cru na atmosfera.

Jul 31, 2018

By Lidia Rangel Roveta

O processo de aciaria da ArcelorMittal Aços Planos América do Sul tem um abastecimento de diário de Cal em torno de 420 ton. O processo de abastecimento deste produto, que consiste da programação, liberação de portaria e descarregamento não estava satisfatório, considerando o tempo de permanência de caminhões na portaria aguardando liberação e consequentemente custos com diárias e alimentação. Visando otimizar este processo, a partir do resultado da analise dos procedimentos de descarga, utilizado atualmente, foi implementado como plano de ação um sistema automatizado de agendamento de descarga de Cal que, após 15 dias de implantação resultou na redução de 66% no custo de pagamento de diária, além de previsão de ganho futuro em frete.

Aug 16, 2017

By Johannes Münzer

Regeneradores são elementos importantes em uma usina siderúrgica. Eles são os responsáveis pelo aquecimento do ar de sopro aplicado no alto-forno a partir do aproveitamento da energia contida nos gases do processo de produção de ferro gusa. Dessa forma, os regeneradores estão diretamente associados ao processo siderúrgico. Durante do seu ciclo de trabalho, o qual se denomina campanha, problemas podem ocorrer devido a variações operacionais indesejadas, falhas de projeto, entre outros fatores. Num ambiente onde o tempo cessante de um equipamento gera enormes custos, a solução é desenvolver soluções customizadas que minimizem essa interrupção. Cada uma das partes do regenerador tem funções únicas e consequentemente soluções únicas, que visam o reparo no estado da arte com menor custo.

Aug 17, 2017

By E. J. Rapperport, M. F. Smith

A presentation of the W-Ru constitution diagram is given. Techniques utilized in the determination of phase boundary values include electron micro-probe analysis of two-phased alloys and diffusion couples, as well as normal metallographic and X-ray methods. The primary features of the diagram are: 1) a terminal solid solution of ruthenium in tungsten with a maximum solubility of 23 at. pct Ru at 2300°C; 2) a terminal solid solution of tungsten in ruthenium with a maximum solubility of 48 at. pct W at 2205°C; 3) a o phase of maximum breadth about 6 at. pct based on the composition W3Ru2 which forms peritectically from the melt at 2300°C, and which decomposes eutectoidally at 1667 °C to form a twigs ten and 0 ruthenium; 4) a eutectic at 45 at. pct Ru and 2205°C with the products being o plus ß ruthenium. THE W-Ru diagram has previously been studied only in a cursory fashion. Raub and alter' obtained a 1400°C isotherm in which they observed no intermediate phases, and on which they established the limits of solubility as 36.5 at. pct W in ruthenium and about 1.5 at. pct Ru in tungsten. In addition, Obrowski2 found a o phase forming peritectically from the melt and existing only above 1650°C. Below this temperature the phase was presumed to decompose eutectoidally. The present work finds the diagram as given in Fig. 1. I) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The materials used for alloy preparation in determining the W-Ru constitution diagram were 99.9 pct pure ruthenium powder supplied by Baker Chemical Co., and 99.9 pct pure tungsten powder from General Electric Co. Typical analyses of these elements are given in Table I. Initial alloys at 10 at. pct intervals were prepared from the metal powders by the following method. Powders sufficient for 25 g of the alloys were weighed out with an accuracy of 0.1 mg and blended mechanically. After blending, the powders were compacted, in a steel die, at approximately 30,000 psi. The compacts were sintered in an electric vacuum furnace in order to remove adsorbed gases and to achieve partial densification prior to arc-melting. Vacua of 10-4 mm Hg or less were maintained in sintering as the furnace temperature was raised to approximately 2000°C. Sintering times ranged from 10 to 20 hr. The sintered compacts were arc-melted under a protective atmosphere of purified helium. Melting was conducted on a water-cooled copper hearth, utilizing a nonconsumable tungsten electrode. In the melting process, each alloy was turned over and re-melted on opposite sides from four to six times to ensure complete melting and to eliminate gross in-homogeneities. The arc-melter used had a vacuum capability of 5 X 10-6 mm Hg, and a leak rate of about 20 -liters per hr. Chemical analysis techniques for refractory metal-platinum group metal combinations are not well-established; therefore, composition control and determination depended principally upon weight-loss observations and calculations. This consisted in weighing each alloy after sintering and after arc-melting, and calculating the maximum and minimum composition values, assuming the total weight losses to be first all tungsten, and then all ruthenium. Since composition uncertainty was directly related to weight loss, care was taken to minimize losses in handling, compacting, and melting. Prior to homogenization and equilibration the as-arc-melted alloys were analyzed in several

Jan 1, 1964

By Harvey Cline, Donald P. Ferriss

THE violent outgassing of commercial tungsten and other refractory metals when melted in an electron beam zone refining apparatus1"3 is dealt with experimentally by one or both of two approaches. One is to provide a suitable emission current control1,2 the other is to purify the metal in the solid state before melting.4 The first of these is usually sufficient, but the authors chose also to investigate the source of the troublesome gases and to devise means of solid-state purification. Some further insights into the use of tungsten as a structural material at temperatures near its melting point were also revealed in the course of the work. One may speculate on the causes of gas formation in tungsten at high temperature by inferences from the literature and an examination of the impurities in commercial wire. Davenport5 observed microporosity in both tungsten and molybdenum filaments heated to several hundred degrees below their melting points. Studying the function of oxygen in molybdenum welds, Perry, Spacil, and wulff8 attributed similar porosity to the disproportionation of Moo2 to molybdenum metal and Moo3. Tungsten dioxide also disproportionates7 above 2000oC to yield WO3 vapor at considerable pressure. Commercial tungsten contains some 5 to 20 wt ppm O and a similar concentration of carbon depending on the details and precautions of processing. Therefore, evolution of CO is also a strong possibility as a source of gas at high temperatures. Furthermore, even for activities in the order of 0.01, it may be calculated that the pressure of CO at 3000°C would be over 4000 psi, which is in excess of the tensile strength of tungsten at this temperature.9,10 Powder metallurgy tungsten contains some 0.02 pet Fe and 0.002 to 0.005 pet of the elements Ni, Si, Al, Ca, Mn, Mg, and Mo; at temperatures over 2800°c, therefore, these elements will exhibit appreciable vapor pressure, though small compared to that of WO3 and CO. Some of these impurities may react to form high-pressure monoxides such as SiO and A10. Finally, dissolved and occluded nitrogen is an ever-present source of high-pressure gas. Commercial Type 218, General Electric filament wires, 0.025 in. diam, were heated by resistance in 10 -4 mm of Hg and in argon or hydrogen at pressures from 50 µ to atmospheric. For temperature determinations in vacuo, the Jones - Langmuir8 current-temperature relationship was employed. For gaseous atmospheres, the burn-out temperature was assumed to be the same as in vacuo so that a small, constant correction could be made for temperatures below burn-out conditions (i.e., local heating to failure). Several dozen experiments may be summarized by pointing out some structural observations. At 3050oC in 1 atm of A, porosity is very evident after 30 min, as shown in Fig. 1. For the section in Fig. 2, failure occurred 200°C below the melting point and many voids have grown in the grain bound-

Jan 1, 1962

By W. E. Lamont

The Federal Bureau of Mines conducted research to develop methods of removing phosphorus from the earthy, calcareous hematite ores of the Birmingham, Ala., iron district while simultaneously improving the grade and recovery of the iron values prior to furnacing. An attempt was also made to identify the phosphorus minerals present in the ores. The ores contained about 36 percent iron, 12 to 16 percent CaO, 15 to 20 percent hydrochloric acid insolubles, and 0.30 to 0.36 percent phosphorus. Fractions containing 5 to 15 percent phosphorus were isolated from the ores. Collophanite, Ca3P2O3?nH2O, a member of the apatite group, was the only phosphate mineral identified. Beneficiation methods using flotation and reduction roasting with magnetic separation yielded good grade iron concentrates, but were not as effective for reducing the phosphorus content of concentrates. Reduction roasting followed by fine grinding, magnetic separation, and acid leaching gave iron concentrates containing 62.5 percent iron and 0.04 percent phosphorus with an iron recovery of 82.9 percent and a phosphorus rejection of 93.7 percent. Reoxidation of reduced magnetic concentrates followed by acid treatment gave iron concentrates containing 58.1 percent iron and 0.02 percent phosphorus with 89.6 percent recovery of the iron and 96.5 percent rejection of the phosphorus.

Jan 1, 1973

By C. E. Jordan

The Tuscaloosa Metallurgy Research Center of the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, is investigating the recovery of phosphate from beneficiation slime, as part of the Bureau's efforts to conserve mineral resources through increased use of wastes. Phosphate equivalent to about two-fifths of U.S. production is discarded annually in the wastes. Exploratory flotation tests on the plus 5-um fraction of a slime sample showed promise for a classification-flotation technique. Onsite classification tests at six phosphate washing plants were conducted with a two-stage hydro cyclone system designed to recover the plus 5-um material. The cyclone underflows contained 8.3 to 19.1 percent P2O5, and the recovery of the plus 5-um PZOS values ranged from 81 to 95 percent. The percent P2O5 recovery from the total slimes ranged from 38 to 47 percent. Batch-flotation studies are currently being conducted.

Jan 1, 1978

By M. K. Foster

Ten horizontal retort zinc blocks of a modified Hegeler design are in operation at Nueva Rosita, Coahuila, Mexico, and produce approximately 170 t of spelter daily, or 62 000 t/year. A block consists of two furnaces of 448 retorts each, making 8960 retorts as the plant complement. Each furnace block is fired with natural gas and air maintaining the combustion mixture in the furnace always slightly reducing. No attempt to recover energy through waste heat boilers is made. The spelter moves to market by rail and truck either in palletized bundles weighing approximately 1060 kg, as loose slabs weighing 26.5 kg each, or as 1088 kg ingots. At present 46% of the metal is exported and 54% is consumed domestically in Mexico. The present day trend toward equalized or alloyed spelter, as well as special shaped castings results in sales of 35% of the entire plant's production. Sulfuric acid is also produced by the Contact Process using vanadium pentoxide as the catalyst. The plant is basically a Monsanto contact system, producing approximately 68 t of 100% sulfuric acid daily. Both 98.5% sulfuric acid and 20% oleum are available. All of the acid made is consumed in Mexico. Shipments are made in 26,900 dm3 tank cars.

Jan 1, 1970

By Ken-ichi Machida

"Surface modification of R-Fe-N intermetallic compounds was made to improve their magnetic property and nitrogenabsorbing ability, arid high-performance resin-bonded magnets and nitrogen storage materials were developed: Surface coating for Sm2Fe11Nx by the zinc metal produced via photodecomposition of Zn(C2Hs)2 was effective to avoid the further oxidation in the molding process of the fine powders for bonded magnets and the resulting (BH)max values were improved to -186 kJm-3. Meanwhile, R2Fe17 as the mother compounds for RzFe11Nx was highly active for decomposition of NH3 molecule and subsequent nitrogen absorption as metal nitrides. Furthermore, even inert Nz molecule was dissociated on them by impregnating Ru metal and the resulting nitrogen atoms were absorbed in the crystal lattice of R2Fe17. These results demonstrated that the nitrogen storage system was established by cycling the nitrogenation and hydrogenation of RzFe11/R2Fe11Nx materials.IntroductionProcessing for rare earth metals and intermetallic compounds requires well-controlled conditions in order to avoid the oxygen contamination involved in it due to their high reactivity, as causes the serious damage for materials such as magnets, metal hydride for hydrogen storage, and so on. Rare earth-iron intermetallic compounds, R2Fe17, provide the corresponding metal nitrides (R2Fe11Nx) by heating in N2 or a mixed gas stream ofNH3-H2 [l] and, among them, Sm2Fe11N3 has been particularly noted as one of the promising materials for high-performance permanent magnets such as bonded ones [2- 6]. Usually, the nitrogenation for Sm2Fe17 is made in Nz, but it needs the much more hard conditions of reaction pressure (-10 MPa), temperature (-550°C) and time (-72 h) than the nitrogenation in the NH3-H2 mixture [l]. In the latter case, a significant amount of nitrogen can be interstitial introduced in· the R2Fe17 crystal lattice (x=-7) under the more moderate conditions than in N2 (at 0.1 MPa and -450°C for -3 h) [3-6] and then, in a similar manner as metal hydride systems [7], the excess nitrogen in RzFe1 7Nx (x>3) is reversibly desorbed by heating at a temperature around 500°C in Ar to form the RzFe11N3 compounds. This behavior of nitrogen absorption and desorption has a close relation to the sites for nitrogen in the crystal lattices."

Jan 1, 2000

By Paulo Sérgio Moreira, Geraldo Lúcio de Faria, Rhelman Rossano Urzêdo Queiróz, Amanda Aparecida Fátima Arruda, Ana Cecília de Carvalho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho em desgaste de camadas espessas de óxidos formadas na superfície do aço inoxidável ferrítico 410D após a sua submissão a tratamentos isotérmicos em atmosfera oxidante. O aço em questão foi estudado no estado de entrega e tratado isotermicamente nas temperaturas de 900°C e 1000°C por diferentes intervalos de tempo. O método de avaliação empregado foi o teste de desgaste micro-abrasivo do tipo esfera presa em placa. Com o desenvolvimento do estudo, foi possível executar análises qualitativas e quantitativas a respeito do comportamento em desgaste do aço inoxidável 410D em função de sua condição superficial, como oxidada ou não. Alterações microestruturais também foram consideradas na discussão dos resultados. Concluiu-se que a camada superficial de óxidos desenvolvida após os tratamentos isotérmicos possui boa aderência e tem potencial para aplicação como camada protetora do aço em aplicações onde a sua resistência ao desgaste seja requerida.

Oct 9, 2019

By Jonkion M. Font

As a comprehensive contribution to the understanding of oxygen-blowing of matte smelting, the copper and nickel solubilities between the FeOx SiO2-MgO slag with saturated SiO2 and the Cu2S-Ni3S2 FeS matte with the NCu/(NcU+NNi) of 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 and 0, in a MgO crucible were investigated at 1573 K under controlled partial pressures of SO2 at 0.1, 0.5 and 1 atm. The partial pressures of SO2, S2 and O2 were controlled by using an Ar-SO2-S2 gas mixture after passing through a sulfur reservoir. It was clarified that, at a given matte grade, the solubility of copper in the slag was independent of pso2 while that of nickel increased with increasing pso2. This notable difference was considered to be ascribable to the chemical formulas of the mono-metallic sulfides in which one copper atom combines with ½ sulfur atom while one nickel atom combines with 2/3 sulfur atom. It was also clarified that, at a given iron content in the matte, the pot and ps2 were independent of the matte species. This was ascribable to aFeS in the matte, which was independent of the matte composition, Ncu/(Ncu+NNi), at a given iron content in the matte.

Jan 1, 1999

By J. B. Morrow

BITUMINOUS COAL production for 1937 up to Nov. 27, was 400,000,000 ions, an increase of 3.43 per cent over the comparative period in 1936. The in- crease in consumption, however, was not so great as the increase in production. Stocks of coal, mostly in the hands of consumers, on Nov. 1 were 57,000,000 tons, compared to 44,400,000 tons at the same periods in 1936. The prospects were that both production and consumption for December, 1937, would be lower than for the corresponding month of 1936. , Anthracite production for the period ending Nov. 20 was 43,900,000 tons, com- pared to 48,500,000 tons for the corresponding period in 1936, or a decrease of 9.5 per cent. Production of mechanically loaded coal in. 1936 was approximately 57,000,000 tons, an increase of 17.5 per cent over

Jan 1, 1938

Performance of Dry Separation Processes in Cenospheres Recovery from Coal Fly Ash

Sep 13, 2010

By Fabiano Mendes

Processos industriais de carbonização são tecnologias maduras e operam há mais de 7 décadas. Contudo, o sistema integrado de produção de ferro primário e aços a base de biomassa como fonte de energia e termorredutor, mesmo sendo a alternativa ambiental de menor impacto existente, chega a seus limites tecnológicos, ambiental e econômico, ameaçando a sua sustentabilidade. O grupo Vallourec buscou o processo Lambiotte como base tecnológica para desenvolver seu ambicioso projeto de carbonização contínua, em substituição ao processo artesanal de fornos retangulares de batelada, utilizados atualmente. O esforço experimental de mais de meia década, com a adaptação e profunda reengenharia do processo Lambiotte, que é o que melhor representa esta classe de reatores, para que ele atendesse as condições brasileiras e o uso das espécies de madeira da família dos Eucaliptos culminou no desenvolvimento do processo de carbonização continua Carboval, que demonstrou sua plena capacidade, para atender aspectos econômicos, sustentáveis e de qualidade siderúrgica do carvão vegetal produzido.

Aug 17, 2017

The non-renewable energy resources of Queensland comprise coal, petroleum (oil and gas), oil shale and uranium. Coal is widely distributed., and has been developed extensively both for export and for use within the State. Proven reserves total 5 390 million tonnes recoverable of coking coal and 5 580 million tonnes recoverable of non-coking; very large resources particularly of non-coking coal are still to be quantified by further drilling. Annual production is of the order of 20 million tonnes of coking coal, principally for export, and 6 million tonnes of non-coking, mainly for power generation within the State. Petroleum resources are meagre in com- parison with those of coal. Initial recover- able reserves of liquids (mainly in the now substantially depleted Moonie Oil Field) totalled only 4.2 million m3. Initial recover- able reserves of gas (mainly in the western Surat and Bowen Basins) totalled 7 800 million m3. Annual production is of the order of 64 thousand m3 of liquids for refining in Bris- bane, and 268 million m3 of gas mainly for production of fertiliser and for industrial and domestic heating, in Brisbane. Prospects are fair for the discovery of additional reserves. Two deposits of oil shale are potentially of economic significance. The Rundle deposit at The Narrows in central Queensland has the

Jan 1, 1979

By Davi Alves Marques

Este trabalho visa analisar a temperabilidade dos aços ABNT 1045 e ABNT 4140 através do ensaio Jominy e correlacionar suas propriedades com a variação microestrutural devido ao gradiente de transferência de calor através dos corpos de prova, também como analisar o efeito dos elementos de liga presentes. O ensaio Jominy foi realizado segundo a norma ABNT A255-10. Foi observado que o aço ABNT 4140 apresenta maior temperabilidade que o ABNT 1045 devido à maior profundidade de têmpera e, por conseguinte, apresentou produtos de transformação martensítica em profundidades maiores do corpo de prova. Visto que o teor de carbono em ambos os aços é aproximadamente igual, a maior temperabilidade do ABNT 4140 se dá devido aos elementos de liga presentes. Os elementos de liga do ABNT 4140 contribuem para uma maior percentagem de carbono equivalente, quando comparado ao ABNT 1045, deslocando assim o diagrama de transformação isotérmica para a direita, reduzindo então a taxa de resfriamento crítico.

Oct 30, 2017