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By J. F. McDermott

The problem of converting our raw coal, and especially those coals that are not suited for long storage, in other words soft, into a fuel which would be at once clean; of a high B. t, u. content and low ash, is one that has occupied the minds of many able chemical engineers and hydrocarbon technologists during the past few years. Low temperature carbonization is the present outcome of this line of research, and many methods have been evolved of recent years to turn out a serviceable, useful fuel, and at the same time, save the by-products. As most of the research and data within my experience and knowledge pertains to lignite or sub-bituminous coals, I will confine my remarks to coals of that character and grade: I might say that Colorado coals, commonly called lignite, are not in reality true lignite, but are sub-bituminous, although I have in my possession an analysis of a Colorado coal which shows a moisture of 17 per cent, volatile 31.5 per cent, fixed carbon 28.8 per cent, and an ash of 22.7 per cent, and B. t. u. less than 8,000. Even this, though useless for domestic or indeed industrial purposes, could not be classified as true lignite. However, for the purposes of this paper I will refer to these coals as lignite. Two thousand pounds, or one ton, of raw lignite carries about 20 per cent moisture. This, of course, varies in some coals, but is, I believe, a fair average. For carbonization purposes this is usually dried to a 5 per cent moisture, therefore leaving but 1,700 pounds of coal to be placed in the retort. From present knowledge, and with the average process of carbonization, 70 per cent of this coal will come out carbonized, or 1,190 pounds, to which is added about 10 per cent pitch, which is fried out as the coal passes through the retort, and which is used as a binder, making a total of 1,360 pounds of coke or carbonized coal. This is usually in appearance a dark colored, rather porous coke of about the size of pea coal. It burns without smoke and have a very high B. t. u. content. According to most authorities on this subject, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and ash constitute the only elements on which carbonization value of a coal depends, and of these hydrogen is the most important. It is claimed the value of a coal for carbonization purposes may be roughly surmised from the hydrogen content. If this is promising, that is, showing an available hydrogen content of from 3 to 5 per cent, the coal should be given a careful ultimate analysis. Should the seam, as often happens in lignite coals, show varying bands of coal of different structure or appearance, samples should be taken from each band as well as a gross sample taken down the face of the seam in the usual way. This is in order to determine what part of the seam is most promising for by-product processes. A seam showing a high nitrogen content adds to the attractiveness of the coal in carbonizing as; if available nitrogen is 2 per cent or better, it should give a very high ammonia yield.

Jan 1, 1923

By Minerals and Materials Analysis Section

During 1996, US mines produced 319 t (10.26 million or) of gold metal valued at $4 billion. At yearend, mine reserves were estimated to be 4.7 kt (151 million oz) of gold metal. Almost all of the production was from western states. Nevada accounted for about 68% of national production. Information for this article was obtained through annual reports of mining companies, US Geological Survey (USGS) databases and other public sources. Table 1 shows production and reserves by mine. It divides the mines into two categories. These are producing mines whose primary product is gold, and producing mines for which gold is a byproduct or coproduct. The mines listed in Table 1 accounted for more than 98% of US gold production during 1996. Except the Daisy Mine, the table does not include mines that produced less than 31 kg/a (1,000 oz/year). The Daisy Mine started production in December of 1996. Nor does it contain mines whose byproduct concentrate is

Jan 1, 1997

By Jorge Lucas Carvalho Bechir

A usina de beneficiamento da Unidade Vazante da Votorantim Metais concentra zinco a partir de Willemita – Zn2SiO4 por flotação. Através desse processo, é possível obter elevadas recuperações metalúrgicas. Contudo, foi identificado que é possível aumentar ainda mais a recuperação de zinco através de redução de granulometria. Essa redução eleva os custos de energia de um circuito de cominuição, fato que torna fundamental a identificação da relação ideal entre ganho de recuperação e os gastos com maior consumo de energia. Grande parte das frações de Willemita mais grosseiras (acima de 0,15 mm) que passam pelo processo de flotação, vão para o rejeito. Isso ocorre devido a granulometria atual de moagem não atingir a liberação ideal do mineral de interesse, de forma que, grande parte da superfície das partículas ainda apresenta ganga que não é adsorvida pelo coletor especifico da Willemita. Em busca de elevar a recuperação metálica de zinco potencializando o seu aproveitamento, estudos de caracterização mineralógica foram realizados. O trabalho consistiu na utilização de MEV/EDS com MLA (Mineral Liberation Analyzer) e na realização de testes de flotação em escala de bancada e piloto para determinar a granulometria ideal para flotação do mineral Willemita. Através dos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que houve ganhos de recuperação de zinco com a redução da granulometria sem comprometer a qualidade do concentrado gerado.

Aug 17, 2017

Trans. No. Place Date Vol. Page 1. Wilkes-Barre Pa......May.71 1 3 2. Bethlehem, Pa.........Aug., '71 I 10 3. Troy, N.Y............Nov..: 71 1 13 4. Philadelphia, Pa........Feb., 72.. 1 17 5. New York. N. Y.*......May, '72.. 1 20 6. Pittsburgh. Pa.........Oct..' 72.. 1 25 7. Boston, Mesa..........Feb., '73.. 1 28 8. Philadelhia, Pa.*......May, '73.. 2 3 9. Easton, is............Oct..' 73.. 2 7 10. New York, N. Y.......Feb..' 74 . . 2 11 11. St. Louie. Mo.*........May,' 74 . . 3 3 12. Hazleton, Pa...........Oct., '74.. 3 8 13. New Haven Conn......Feb., '75.. 3 15 14. Dover,N.J.*..........May, 75.. 4 3 15. Cleveland,O...........Oct. 75. 4 0 16. Washington D. C......Feb.'' 76.: 4 18 17. philadelphia, Pa.......June,: 76.. 5 3 18. Philadelphia Pa........Oct 76.. 5 19 19. New York, N. Y.......Feb: '77.. 5 27 20. Wilkes-Barre. Pa.*.....Mag :77.. 0 3 21. Amenia N. Y..........Oct. 77.. 6 10 22. Philadeiphia Pa........Feb.;' 78. . 6 18 23. Chattanooga' Term.*. . . May' 78. . 7 3 24. Lake George: N. Y....: Oct. 78. . 7 103 25. Baltimore, Md.*.......Feb:' 79.. 7 217 26. ~ittsburgi, Pa.........~a;' 79.. 6 3 27. Montreal, Canada......~ept.;' 79.. 8 121 28. New York, N. Y.*......Feb., '80.. 8 275 29. Lake Superior, Mich....Aug., '80. . 9 1 30. Philadelphia, Pa.*......Feb., '81. 9 275 31. Staunton, Va..........May, '81. .10 1 32. Harrisburg, Pa.........Oct.. '81..10 119 33. Washington, I). C.*....Feb., '82. . 10 226 34. Denver. Colo..........Aug.. '82. . ll 1 35. Boston. Mass.*.........Feb.. '83..11 217 38. Roanoke, Va...........June, '83.. 12 3 37. Troy, N. Y...........Oct.. '83. .12 175 38. Cincinnati. O.*.... Feb, '84..12 4 39. Chicago Ill............May, '84. . 13 1 40. philadelphia, Pa........Sept., '84. . 13 285 41. New York, N. Y.*......Feb., '85. . 13 586 42. Chattanooga, Tenn.....May, '85..14 1 43. Halifax, N. S..........Sept., '85.. 14 307 44. Pittsburgh, Pa.*........Feb.. '86 . . 14 587 45. Bethlehem. Pa.........May, '86 .. 15 Ixiii. 46. St. Louis, Mo..........Oct, 86.. 15 Ixx. 47. Scranton, Pa.*.........Feb.', '87. . 15 lxxvi 48. Utah and Montana.....July '87.. 16 xvii. 49. Duluth, Minn...........July' '87. -16 xxiv. 50. Boston. Mass.*.........Feb.: '88. . 16 xxviii. 51. Birmingham, Ala.......May, '88. .17 xix. 52. Buffalo N. Y..........Oct. '88.. 17 xxiv. 53. New york, N.Y........feb.' ;89 . . 17 xxxi. 54. Colorado..............June' 89 . . 18 xvii. 55. Ottawa, Canada........Oct., 89. . 18 xxiv. 56. Washington, I). C.*. . . Feb. 90. .18 xxx. 57. New York, N. Y........sept:, '93. .19 vii. 58. New York, N. Y.*......Feb. '91. . 19 xxv. 59. Cleveland, O.......... June, :91 . .a xvi. 60. Glen Summit, Pa.......Oct, 111. . 20 lxi. 61. Baltimore, Md.*.......Feb.: '92. .21 xix. 62. Plattsburg, N. Y.......June, '02. . 21 xxxiii. 03. Reading. Pa...........Oct., :92. .21 xliv. 64. Montreal. Canada*.....Feb. 93..21 65. Chicago, Ill............aug.: '93..22 XI. 66. Virginia Reach. Va.*. ...Feb., '04. .24 xwl. 67. Bridgeport Coon.......Oct., '94..24 xxx?. 08. Florida ...'............Mar., '95. .25 xix 69 Atlanta. Ga......... Oct 95. 25 xi 70. Pittsburgh. Pa.*........Feb., '96.. 26 xvii. Trans. No. Place Date Vol. Page 71. Colorado..............Sept. '96. .26 xxix. 72. Chicago, Ill............Feb.. "97.. 27 xvii. 73. Lake Superior..........July '97. .27 xxx. 74. Atlantic City, N. J.*. ..Feb.: :98. .28 xvii. 75. Buffalo N. Y..........Oct. 08. .28 XXXVI. 76. New York,N. Y.*......Feb.: '99. .29 xvii. 77. California.............Sept., ;99. . 29 xlix. 78. Washington, D. C.*.....Feb., 00. .30 xix. 79. Canada...............Aug.. '00. .30 xlv. 80. Richmond. Va.*........Feb.. '01. . 31 xix. 81. Mexico................Nov..'01.. 32 cxviii. 82. Philadelphia Pa. $......May, :02. . 33 xxxv. 83. New Haven, Conn......Oct.. 02.. 33 xlvii. 84. Albany N. Y.*........Feb '03. .34 xxiii. 85. New York, N. Y........Oct.': '03. .34 xi. 86. Atlantic City. N. J.*....Feb., '04. .35 XXIII. 87. Lake Superior..........Sept.'04. .35 dii. 88. Washington. D. C......May' '05. .36 xlii. 89. British Columbia.......July, '05. . 36 90. Bethlehem. Pa.........Feb. '06. .37 xli. 91. London, England.......July: '06. .37 xlviii. 92. New York, N. Y........April, '07. . 38 lii. 93. Toronto, Canada.......July. '07. .38 lix. 94. New York, N. Y........Feb., :08. .39 xli. 95. Chattanooga, Tenn.....Oct.. 08..39 xlviii. 06. New Haven Conn......Feb. '09. .40 xli. 97. Spokane,Wash.........Sept:.'09. .40 xlviii. 98. Pittsburgh, Pa.........Mar.,'10. .41 xxxviii. 99. Canal Zone............Nov.,'10. .41 dv. 100. Wilkes-Barre, Pa.......June. ' 11. . 42 xxxiv. 101. San Francisco, Cal......Oct.. '11..42 xliv. 102. New York. N. Y.*......Feb 12. .43 Ixxvii. 103. Cleveland, Ohio........0ct;' '12.. 44 wii. 104. New York, N. Y.*......Feb.. '13. .45 xv. 105. Butte, Mont...........Aug., '13. .46 ?' 108. New York, N. Y........Oct., 13..47 vii 107. New York. N. Y.*......Feb.. '14..48 xv. 108 Salt Lake City. Otah Aug. :l. 49 5: 109. Pittsburgh, Pa.........Oct., 14. .50 vii. 110. New York, N. Y.*......Feb., '15. .51 xvi. 111. San Francisco, Cal......Sept., '15. .52 xii. 112. New York,N. Y.*......Feb., '16..54 xvi. 1 Arizona...............Sept.,'l6. .55 VII 114. New York, N. Y.*......Feb., '17: .56 vii. 115. St. Louis, Mo..........Oct.. '17..57 vii. 116. NewYork,N. Y.*......Feb.. '18..59 xvii 117. Colorado.....:........Sept.,'18. .60 vii. 118. Milwaukee, Wis........Oct.. '18. .60 x:!: 119. NewYork,N. Y.*......Feb., '19..61 xi. 120. Chicago...............Sept.,' l9.. 62 VII. 121. New York, N. T.*......Feb., '20..63 ix. 122. Lake Superior District. .Aug., '20.. 66 ix. 123. New York, N. Y.*......Feb., '21. .66 xiii. 124. Wilkes-Barre, Pa...... Sept.. : 21.. 66 xix. 125. New York, N. Y.*......Feb., 22. .67 ix. 126. San Francisco. Cal......Sept.,:22. .68 xxix. 127. New York, N.Y.*.....Feb., 23. .69 xxix 128. Canada...............Aug., '23. .69 xxxv! 128.129. New York, N. Y.*......Feb., ;24. .70 xxxi. 130. Birmingham, Ala.......Oct. 24. .71 xxxiii 131. NewYork.N Y.*......Feb.: '25.. 71 xxxviii. 132. 131.Salt Lake City, Utah .. .Sept., '25. .73 xvi 133. New York, N. Y.*......Feb., '26. .73 xxii. 134. Pittsburgh Pa ....... Oct.. '26. .74 xv. 135. New York,' N. Y.*............Feb., '27. .75 x::: 135.136. NewYork,N. Y.*......Feb., '28..76 104 137 NewYork.N. Y.*......Feb., '29. .291 116 138.San FranciscoYork,N.Y. Cal..........Oct. 29..308 406 139. New York, N. Y.*...Feb., '30..30H 1321

Jan 1, 1930

It doesn't take any special acumen to note that US engineering and construction firms are busier than ever with mining projects in this mineral conscious world. This special issue of Mining Engineering takes a look at E&C companies-their expanding role, their special capabilities, and their challenges and problems. ME sent a questionnaire to a representative sample of E&C firms. Information was sought about officers, ownership, and amount of business. ME also asked about types of projects and commodities dealt in as well as market distribution and forms of payment. The accomnanying charts show how the 17 responding E&C firms answered these and other questions. Other ME survey questions, and a review of company literature, yielded information about financing techniques and special challenges for E&C firms. Insights were gained concerning government impacts, customer-generated problems, and promising areas for development-including synfuels-in the minerals industry. These areas are discussed later in this article. Accompanying articles in the special issue discuss the E&C company's role in mining projects, research and development in E&C firms, one approach to contract work used by an E&C firm, and an E&C project case study.

Jan 10, 1980

In the special number of the magazine Ocl und Kohle (Oct. 22, 1940) dedicated to the petroleum industry of southeastern Europe, there appeared several articles relating to Yugos1avia.t In the first article the author calls attention to the fact that there are two fields in Yugoslavia that have been explored and exploited by more than 100 wells at variable depths during the last 50 years. These are on the Island of Mura, at the confluence of the Mura and the Drave. Additional exploration drilling in various other parts of the country has been without result, but certain ones of these explorations have revealed the existence of gas horizons that have some value, which are being used for industrial purposes. Table I shows the production of oil and gas between the years 1900 and 1939. TaBle —Production of Oil ad Gas in Yugoslavia . n,i Natural Natural Years oil Years Gas, Cu. Years Gas, Cu. Meters Meters T900-1929 10,000 1923 507,000 1934 1,388,000 1930 277 1924 567,000 1935 1,401,000 1931 202 I92S 691,000 I936 1,483,000 t932 289 19261 1.472,000 1937 1,841,000 1933 629 1927! 1,732,000 193s 2,431,000 1934 324 1928 2,515,000 1939 2,628,000 1935 260 1929 4,700,000 1936 137 I93O 5.345,200 1937 463 1931 6,376,153 1938 1,091 1932 1,661,737 1939 1,114 1933 959,574 The number of wells drilled from 1884 to the present time was in the neighborhood of zoo and the total footage drilled was 65,000 m. up to July I940 They may be divided roughly as follows: 12 wells in the region produce natural gas; 134 wells in the two old fields of the Island of Mura and about zo wells for the exploration of the zone of the Flysch, in Bosnia. The depths of 50 of these wells was roo to 200 m.; the depths of 50 wells oil the Island of Mura ran from zoo to 500 m.; of 2 ; wells, 500 to I000 m.; of ro wells from rooo to 2000 meters. The deepest well drilling in Yugoslavia has reached 2000 in. In the Valley of Morave, in the region of Selnica, I00 km. south of Nish, there have been discovered asphalt-bearing limestones, which contain about 15 per cent asphalt and are associated with bituminous clays. Later, at Paclenica, important deposits of natural gas were found. A zone rich in gas and oil seepages runs through Pracec, Miklenska, Bujavica, etc. The author studied these regions from the point of view of stratigraphy and tectonics. The anticlines and gas-bearing domes are concentrated in two zones: the region of the Drave (Island of Mura) and the region of the Save, southeast of zagreb, which contains the gas field in exploitation in the region of Bujavica. A full description of the productive region of the Island of Mura has been given by Egon Bohm, a geologist, in the second article mentioned. This includes a history of the exploration and exploitation that took place under Hungarian rule in this region. The most important exploration was effected between 1884 and 1885 by Stavenov and Stinger, of Vienna. In 1927 work was done in the same region by Anton Raky, a well-known explorer who makes work of this kind his specialty.

Jan 1, 1941

In the special number of the magazine Ocl und Kohle (Oct. 22, 1940) dedicated to the petroleum industry of southeastern Europe, there appeared several articles relating to Yugos1avia.t In the first article the author calls attention to the fact that there are two fields in Yugoslavia that have been explored and exploited by more than 100 wells at variable depths during the last 50 years. These are on the Island of Mura, at the confluence of the Mura and the Drave. Additional exploration drilling in various other parts of the country has been without result, but certain ones of these explorations have revealed the existence of gas horizons that have some value, which are being used for industrial purposes. Table I shows the production of oil and gas between the years 1900 and 1939. TaBle —Production of Oil ad Gas in Yugoslavia . n,i Natural Natural Years oil Years Gas, Cu. Years Gas, Cu. Meters Meters T900-1929 10,000 1923 507,000 1934 1,388,000 1930 277 1924 567,000 1935 1,401,000 1931 202 I92S 691,000 I936 1,483,000 t932 289 19261 1.472,000 1937 1,841,000 1933 629 1927! 1,732,000 193s 2,431,000 1934 324 1928 2,515,000 1939 2,628,000 1935 260 1929 4,700,000 1936 137 I93O 5.345,200 1937 463 1931 6,376,153 1938 1,091 1932 1,661,737 1939 1,114 1933 959,574 The number of wells drilled from 1884 to the present time was in the neighborhood of zoo and the total footage drilled was 65,000 m. up to July I940 They may be divided roughly as follows: 12 wells in the region produce natural gas; 134 wells in the two old fields of the Island of Mura and about zo wells for the exploration of the zone of the Flysch, in Bosnia. The depths of 50 of these wells was roo to 200 m.; the depths of 50 wells oil the Island of Mura ran from zoo to 500 m.; of 2 ; wells, 500 to I000 m.; of ro wells from rooo to 2000 meters. The deepest well drilling in Yugoslavia has reached 2000 in. In the Valley of Morave, in the region of Selnica, I00 km. south of Nish, there have been discovered asphalt-bearing limestones, which contain about 15 per cent asphalt and are associated with bituminous clays. Later, at Paclenica, important deposits of natural gas were found. A zone rich in gas and oil seepages runs through Pracec, Miklenska, Bujavica, etc. The author studied these regions from the point of view of stratigraphy and tectonics. The anticlines and gas-bearing domes are concentrated in two zones: the region of the Drave (Island of Mura) and the region of the Save, southeast of zagreb, which contains the gas field in exploitation in the region of Bujavica. A full description of the productive region of the Island of Mura has been given by Egon Bohm, a geologist, in the second article mentioned. This includes a history of the exploration and exploitation that took place under Hungarian rule in this region. The most important exploration was effected between 1884 and 1885 by Stavenov and Stinger, of Vienna. In 1927 work was done in the same region by Anton Raky, a well-known explorer who makes work of this kind his specialty.

Jan 1, 1941

By Juan Marcelo Rojas Arango

O refino de grão da estrutura bruta de solidificação da liga Cu-8%Sn com a adição de Zr foi estudado através da análise térmica e da observação da macro e microestrutura. Os resultados macro e microestruturais mostram que a adição de Zr causa a diminuição do tamanho médio de grão em até 90%. A diminuição do super-resfriamento da recalescência e do período da recalescência, medidos nas curvas de resfriamento, estão correlacionados com a diminuição do tamanho médio de grão causado pela crescente adição de Zr, indicando uma possibilidade de controle do tamanho de grão a partir da análise térmica. A análise da microestrutura das amostras em conjunto com a técnica de extração de precipitados por réplica mostra evidências de que o mecanismo de inoculação é a nucleação heterogênea da fase Cu-a sobre as partículas de ZrC formadas no banho líquido a partir das adições de Zr.

Aug 17, 2017

By W. Szymanski

The United States contains one of the world's largest reserves of uranium. Domestic production and exploration activities, however, have declined since the early 1980s due to weaker-than-expected growth in nuclear power demand and to foreign competition. The main result has been that more costly and less productive conventional mines and mills have closed. Meanwhile, industry productivity as measured by uranium output per employee has increased threefold since 1980. At the end of 1992, only six plants, all nonconventional, were operating in the United States. Due to cost considerations and increased environmental awareness, any additions to existing capacity are expected to be met through nonconventional in situ leach plants.

Jan 1, 1994

By J. M. Dean, R. L. Grayson, N. P. Reddy, Y. J. Wang

This 1988 survey provided a cross section of computer software use by the US coal industry. From 1250 mailed questionnaires, 171 responses were received, representing a 4.9% sampling of the 3496 US coal mines. Since the distribution of responses by regional stratum matched well with the distribution of mines by stratum, the survey was given statistical validity. A statistical description details the computer use by region, mining type, organizational size, the level of application within the organization, the type of software application used, the variety of computers on which the software was used and the percent of users within engineering, management and general applications categories. Overall, 63.5% of the respondents use computers at some level in their organizations. All of the mines producing more than 454 kt/a (500,000 stpy) used computers. However, for those producing more than 9 kt/a (10,000 stpy) but less than 91 kt/a (100,000stpy), only 44% used computers. Generally, the software applications were still data-processing oriented. The application sophistication grew with increasing mine size. Computer system models and configurations for different sized organizations are recommended based on the configurations used in the industry at the time of the survey.

Jan 1, 1994

By Camila Pereira Alvarães

Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa das propriedades de revestimentos soldados com a liga INCONEL 625 sobre o aço ASTM A516 grau 70 obtidos pelos processos eletrodo revestido e arame tubular. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de mecânicos, metalográficos e de corrosão nos revestimentos obtidos. A análise metalográfica evidenciou a presença de precipitados ao longo do metal de solda obtido pelo processo arame tubular, não sendo verificada esta ocorrência para o processo eletrodo revestido. Os ensaios mecânicos mostraram resultados satisfatórios para ambos os processos. Os ensaios de corrosão realizados em conformidade com a norma ASTM G48 não evidenciaram a ocorrência de pites e a perda de massa foi satisfatória para ambos os processos. Baseado nos resultados obtidos pode-se inferir que ambos os processos de soldagem se mostraram adequados para a deposição de revestimentos com a liga INCONEL 625.

Aug 16, 2017

By Camila Barbosa Albani

Foram estudados os tipos de projeções, suas características e medidas de controle, a partir do acompanhamento de corridas na ArcelorMittal Tubarão, inclusive com amostragem e análises dos resíduos de projeção. Utilizando-se termodinâmica computacional estimou-se a viscosidade da projeção, que se mostrou muito heterogênea. Projeções ocorreram em uma faixa extensa de Si do gusa, inclusive em valores abaixo de 0,30%, com maior frequência entre 0,30% e 0,40%. As adições de minério de ferro tiveram forte influência na ocorrência de projeções possivelmente devido ao efeito conjugado de redução da permeabilidade e geração de gás. Um modelo conceitual das causas principais das projeções foi proposto e validado com observações de ocorrência de projeções tardias no sopro. Foi também proposto que as ações de controle de projeções deveriam ser ajustadas de forma a priorizar o controle da taxa de descarburação e o aumento da permeabilidade da emulsão.

Oct 30, 2017

By J. Chipman, J. B. Gero, T. B. Winkler

D. C. Hilty—This paper is a useful and timely addition to our store of quantitative data relating to manganese distribution between slag and metal in steel-making processes. For some time, many of us have suspected that the values of Kmn derived by Körber and Oelsen might be too low, and this paper now appears to confirm that suspicion. Application of the new constant to openhearth data should prove interesting. The manganese deoxidation curves of fig. 4 agree fairly well with direct measurements of isothermal solubilities of oxygen in liquid iron containing manganese that have recently been made at the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Labs., Inc. According to the solubility data just mentioned, however, the curves for 1550" and 1600°C lie much closer to each other than the authors have indicated. In other words, the solubility measurements suggest that the logarithm of the oxygen solubility is not a linear function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature, as the authors have assumed for their calculations. It seems possible that this discrepancy may be due in part to the authors' use of the distribution coefficient, L,,, obtained from Taylor and Chipman's curve for the solubility of oxygen in iron as shown in fig. 2. Taylor and Chipman gave the equation of this curve as —6320 Log % 0 - ---T + 2.734 Their data, however, can be fitted equally well by a curve having the equation: 13.23 x104 1.18x10" Log % O = 36.350 -13.23x10 Moreover, this curve also fits the authors' oxygen distribution data somewhat better than does the linear curve of Taylor and Chipman. Its use in the derivation of Lo for calculation of the deoxidation curves by the authors' eq 15 causes the effect of temperature on the calculated curves of fig. 4 to agree quite well with the temperature effect that has been observed. An experimental determination of the temperature coefficient of the manganese reaction appears to be desirable. J. E. Stukel—Because the authors have done such an excellent job, my comments will be confined to additional information. Very shortly Professor T. L. Joseph and I will publish the results of a study of the reaction between molten manganese and silica. It was found that electrolytic manganese, melted in silica crucibles, reacted with the silica to form a silico-manganese alloy containing 18 pct silicon (1500°C) and a silica saturated MnO-SiO, slag. Therefore, the presence of silicon and its oxides in the Fe-Mn-0 system will affect the equilibrium. Carbon is also an important factor. The higher the carbon content of the iron the less ability manganese has to reduce silica. As a matter of interest, recently a study of the manganese equilibrium in carbon saturated iron and blast furnace slags was completed at Carnegie Institute of Technology. As a comparison to the present study, 2 to 5 hr were required to reach equilibrium and temperature was a much more important factor than slag composition in determining the (Mn)/(MnO) ratio. These results will also be published in the near future. It can be seen, therefore, that the results of this paper cannot be applied directly to openhearth studies without a degree of flexibility. J. Chipman (authors' reply)—With regard to the effect of silicon on the manganese constant, this effect is, of course, known. Much more data is needed in order to establish it accurately, and I hope we can look forward to having some accurate data on that. Mr. Hilty suggests that a three-term expression for the Taylor-Chipman solubility of oxygen in liquid iron might fit a little better than the two-term equation. I think that it would be too great a compliment to the precision of the data to employ a three-term equation, and I would still recommend the simple, two-term expression.

Jan 1, 1951

By V. Rajaram

The oil shales located in the Appalachian Basin cover an eight-state area of the eastern US and are referred to as Devonian (black) shales. These shales have been exploited for their gas potential for several years. The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has conducted research since 1972 on the production of shale oil from the Devonian shales. This resulted in the development of the HYTORT process. This process demonstrated that the yield from the Eastern oil shales can be greater than the value indicated by the Fischer assay method. IGT estimates that 67 Gm3 (423 billion bbl) of oil could be recovered by HYTORT processing of surface minable eastern US shales. Recently, American Syncrude Corp. and Southern Pacific Petroleum NL have proposed oil shale projects in Kentucky. This paper will describe the surface mining and retorting techniques that have been studied for exploitation of the Devonian shales, and enumerate the problems that have to be overcome before commercial production can be realized.

Jan 1, 1986

By Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo

O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a viabilidade do emprego do resíduo sólido industrial proveniente da fabricação do papel na produção de blocos de resíduo-cimento. Foi utilizado o resíduo gerado pela Companhia Paduana de Papeis – COPAPA. Esta empresa, situada no município de Santo Antônio de Pádua e responsável por produzir 36.000 toneladas de papeis por ano, gera cerca de 13.320 ton/ano de resíduo, que hoje não tem um destino adequado. De acordo com esta demanda, surge à necessidade do estudo de incorporação do resíduo proveniente da indústria de papel. Foram confeccionados blocos com diferentes proporções de resíduo e cimento e realizados ensaios de resistência à compressão, absorção de água e durabilidade por ciclos de molhagem e secagem para cada um dos traços e diferentes tempos de cura. Com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se a viabilidade do uso do resíduo para produção dos blocos.

Oct 30, 2017

By F. Claisse, R. Angers

Self-diffusion in iron has been measured during rapid a-r transformations using a variant of the Kryukou and Zhukhovitskii diffusion method. The study was performed by thermally cycling iron foils (1 to 6 cpm) through the transformation (=910°C). Some foils have been subjected to over 1000 cycles and some have spent more than 15 pct of their total diffusion time in the process of transformation. The experimental results show that the a-r transformation has no measurable effect on self-diffusion in iron. The study is completed by a quantitative analysis of mechanisms which can affect the diffusion rate during the transformation. The analysis confirms the experimental results. SINCE diffusion is an important factor in many solid-state transformations, it is of interest to study how it is affected by the stresses generated during these transformations. Clinard and Sherby1'2 were the first to make a study along these lines. They measured diffusion coefficients in Fe-FeCoV couples subjected to slow thermal cycling (1.5 cph) through the a-r transformation range. They found an enhancement of diffusion by a factor of about two. The purpose of the present paper is to report measurements of the self-diffusion coefficient of iron during much more rapid thermal cyclings (1 to 6 cpm) through the a-r transformation (-910°C). These more rapid cyclings produce higher strain rates during the transformation and should emphasize any possible influence of transformation upon diffusion. EXPERIMENTAL Iron foils, 25 to 35 µ thick, were cold-rolled from 99.92 pct pure iron and annealed in pure helium for 2 hr at 870°C; the resulting grain diameter was about 150 µ. Specimens 0.5 by 8 cm were cut from the foils and I7e55 was vapor deposited on one of their surfaces. A 38 gage alumel-chrome1 thermocouple was spot welded in the middle of one of the specimen long edges, Fig. 1. Two 38 gage chrome1 wires were also spot welded along the same edge on each side of the thermocouple; they were placed 2.5 cm apart and used for electrical resistance measurements. In order to prevent twisting and crumpling, the specimens were pinched between two quartz plates 0.1 by 1 by 7 cm and the assembly was close fitted into a 1 cm ID quartz tube. Four holes were drilled through the tube to let the 38 gage wires out: these were connected to the recording equipment by means of extension wires. 20-gage nickel wires fixed at both ends of the specimens were used to thermally cycle the foils by Joule heating. The above described device was placed in a 2.7 cm ID quartz tube which in turn was placed in a tubular furnace. Either a pure helium atmosphere or circulating hydrogen was used during the experiments. Specimens were subjected to thermal cycles between a minimum temperature To and a maximum temperature Tm at rates ranging from 1 to 6 cpm. This was obtained by maintaining the furnace at a constant temperature near the minimum temperature To and periodically passing an electric current through the specimen. Cooling was achieved by heat losses to the surroundings. The forms and periods of cycles were varied from one specimen to another; however, each specimen was subjected to one type of cycle only. The temperature and electrical resistance variations of the specimens were recorded as a function of time. The temperature curves were used for diffusion calculations while the electrical resistance curves were used to monitor the transformation and to determine its starting point and its approximate duration. Diffusion was measured by the method developed by Kryukov and zhukhovitskii3 and modified by Angers and Claisse.4,5 In this method a metallic foil is coated on one side with a radioactive isotope and the activity is measured periodically on both sides during the diffusion anneal. The following equation then holds: where: I1 Activity on the surface on which the deposit is made. I, Activity on the opposite surface. t Diffusion time. B Constant. D Diffusion coefficient. d Foil thickness including the deposit. G(t) A function of time; it is a second order correction term which is given graphically in Refs. 4 and 5. The diffusion coefficient D is found by plotting ln[(Il - I2)/(I1 + I,)] -G(t) against t; the resulting slope m leads to an accurate calculation of D through Eq. [2]. The effect of the a-r transformation on diffusion is expressed by the ratio DT/DU where:

Jan 1, 1970

By Ranieri Corrêa Salazar

Essa contribuição técnica mostra a evolução do processo da Linha de Recozimento Contínuo de Chapas (LRCC#1) da Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), na produção de laminados a frio sem revestimento para o segmento de mercado de tambores. A CSN vinha ao longo do tempo perdendo esse mercado devido principalmente a problemas de qualidade, como oxidação quando realizava a laminação de encruamento seca e, por outro lado quando processava o material com laminação de encruamento com óleo protetivo, ocorria no processo do cliente de cura a incompatibilidade com a tinta e vernizes nas aplicações mais críticas como acondicionamento alimentício, farmacêuticos e outros, cujos requisitos de qualidade rigorosos são exigidos contra qualquer tipo de contaminação. Desenvolveu-se um produto que associado ao controle de sua quantidade e a microgeometria da superfície da tira, resultou na lubricidade necessária para a continuidade operacional e atendeu aos requisitos de qualidade desejados.

Jul 30, 2018

By Paulo Ricardo Bastos de Queiroz

Após estudo realizado, verificou-se que a CSP - Companhia Siderúrgica do Pecém, possuía alta vulnerabilidade às oscilações de frequência, sejam elas oriundas de falhas nas unidades geradoras ou problemas nas linhas de transmissão que compõem o SIN (Sistema Interligado Nacional), onde tais perturbações poderiam provocar desde a parada total da planta a danos irreversíveis em equipamentos como motores síncronos. Com base nesse estudo, foi implantado um sistema automatizado e de rápida resposta capaz de diminuir ou eliminar todos os efeitos provocados por tais distúrbios, atuando de forma dinâmica e coordenada com o cenário energético ao qual a planta siderúrgica encontra-se no momento do evento. Dentre os ganhos apontados em estudo, destaca-se a confiabilidade de se ter um sistema de distribuição de energia em uma usina siderúrgica capaz de assegurar a continuidade do processo ou em piores casos proporcionar uma parada emergencial com total segurança.

Oct 30, 2017

By Pedro Jorge Walburga Keglevich de Buzin

A produção siderúrgica em usinas semi-integradas gera vários tipos de resíduos dentre os quais as carepas. No presente trabalho estuda-se o comportamento físicoquímico em altas temperaturas de briquetes autorredutores elaborados com carepa e finos de carvão vegetal produzidos no Rio Grande do Sul, objetivando sua introdução no processo produtivo de aciaria elétrica. Ensaios realizados em laboratório com briquetes industriais confeccionados com estes resíduos demonstraram a potencialidade de utilização destes briquetes autorredutores em processos siderúrgicos via forno elétrico a arco (FEA).

Aug 16, 2017

By I. B. Tulu, M. M. Sears

"In 2015, 40 longwall mines provided nearly 60% of the US coal production from underground mining methods. This represents a substantial, yet gradual increase from just under 50% over the last 5 years. As a result of this increased production share, the percentage of ground fall related fatalities in longwall mines has also increased when compared to all US underground coal mines. Additionally, about 80% of ground fall related fatalities have occurred in areas where the roof was supported. In an attempt to better understand the status quo of current US longwall support practices, a sample of 21 longwall mines were visited, representing about 40% of the currently active longwall mines in 4 of the 5 major US longwall producing regions. The resulting data was obtained from a wide variety of overburden depths, geologic conditions, mining heights, ground conditions, support practices, and gateroad configurations. The data collected is reported using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The results from the research update previous efforts in classifying mining accidents and injuries as well as current support practices. This data provides a necessary background for future research aimed at further reduction of ground fall accidents and injuries. INTRODUCTION Maintaining ground stability in gateroad entries is essential for longwall productivity and safety (Campoli, 2015). In 2015, 148 unintentional roof falls were reported in US longwall mines. About 34% of these resulted in mineworker injuries. Safety considerations not only include injury from roof and rib falls but also egress from the longwall face during an emergency (Mucho et al., 1999). Over the past 30 years, a number of researchers have studied longwall tailgate support performance (Mirabile, 2015). This research aims to take a snapshot of the ground support installed in modern US longwall mines and provide a supplement and update to the overview provided by Barczak (2005). This will provide a framework for future research into improving gateroad support systems. BACKGROUND Large unplanned roof falls at or above the primary support or those impeding travel and/or ventilation must be reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Reportable roof falls, normalized based on production in million metric tons, generally relate to the amount of roof exposed during the mining process (Pappas and Mark, 2012) and provide an evidence-based statistical background for this review of current support practices. Figure 1 shows the reportable roof fall rate in US underground longwall mines for the period 2006-2015 (MSHA, 2016). Over the past decade, roof fall rates have shown a gradual decrease with numbers now at a rate nearly half of what was observed just five years ago. However, over the past few years, roof fall rates in US longwall mines appear to have stagnated at levels just over 1 per 2,000,000 tonnes mined."

Jan 1, 2017