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By Quésia de Freitas Silva Fonseca Rodriguesr

A produção de diamante sintético pode ser influenciada por vários fatores, podendo citar o dispositivo para o tratamento á célula reativa sob Altas Pressões e Altas Temperaturas – APAT, elementos que podem ser adicionados ao sistema. No presente trabalho foi utilizado Ni-Mn-C com adição da porcentagens de 4% de Ferro, os parâmetros utilizados no processo de síntese foram 4,5GPa de pressão e 1250oC de temperatura, sendo estes parâmetros mantidos por 10 minutos no dispositivo do tipo concavidade central. O efeito de 4% de ferro adicionado a célula reativa pode ser observado a partir de análises de raio-x e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A influência do ferro foi observada no mecanismo de nucleação e crescimento dos cristais e no rendimento do processo.

Aug 16, 2017

By R. F. Miller, R. F. Campbell

Sixteen steels containing different combinations of chromium and molybdenum, in amounts up to 5 per cent of each element, were examined for microstructure and hardness after air cooling and after furnace cooling from suitable austenitizing temper- atures. Diagrams summarizing the structnres and hadness resulting from these two cooling rates are presented (Figs. 3, 4, 7).t Data were also obtained on the influence of these two elements, individually and in combination, on the depth of decarburiza-tion observed after furnace cooling (Fig. 8). Composition of Material The chemical composition of the steels investigated is given in Table I. The plain carbon steel was made in a 2 5-ton Heroult electric-are furnace, while the alloy steels were made in a 4.5-ton Ajax-Northrup elec- tric induction furnace. The cast ingots were hot-rolled to 1.75-in. bars. Air-cooled Series The I.75-in. bars were forged to flat plates, 0.25 in. thick, from which specimens 0.5 in. wide by 2 in. long were cut. The specimens were pretreated to improve their homogeneity by heating to 1830°F. (I000°C.) for 20 min. and oil-quenching. They were then reheated to 1740°F. (950°C.) for one hour and air-cooled, after

Jan 1, 1942

By R. F. Campbell, R. F. Miller

Sixteen steels containing different combinations of chromium and molybdenum, in amounts up to 5 per cent of each element, were examined for microstructure and hardness after air cooling and after furnace cooling from suitable austenitizing temper- atures. Diagrams summarizing the structnres and hadness resulting from these two cooling rates are presented (Figs. 3, 4, 7).t Data were also obtained on the influence of these two elements, individually and in combination, on the depth of decarburiza-tion observed after furnace cooling (Fig. 8). Composition of Material The chemical composition of the steels investigated is given in Table I. The plain carbon steel was made in a 2 5-ton Heroult electric-are furnace, while the alloy steels were made in a 4.5-ton Ajax-Northrup elec- tric induction furnace. The cast ingots were hot-rolled to 1.75-in. bars. Air-cooled Series The I.75-in. bars were forged to flat plates, 0.25 in. thick, from which specimens 0.5 in. wide by 2 in. long were cut. The specimens were pretreated to improve their homogeneity by heating to 1830°F. (I000°C.) for 20 min. and oil-quenching. They were then reheated to 1740°F. (950°C.) for one hour and air-cooled, after

Jan 1, 1942

By Rodrigo Monzon Figueredo

A qualificação dos aços utilizados na construção de dutos para serviço ácido geralmente se faz através de testes laboratoriais em meios corrosivos normatizados, sendo os mais utilizados as soluções descritas nas normas NACE TM0284 e TM0177. Neste trabalho, o processo corrosivo do aço API 5L X52MS foi estudado por meio de curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica do material exposto às soluções 284-B, 177-A e 177-B. As taxas de corrosão desse tipo de aço foram determinadas em cada meio, concluindo-se que a severidade do meio de teste se reduz com o incremento do pH, o qual tem impacto direto sobre a solubilidade dos produtos de corrosão e também sobre a difusão de hidrogênio atômico para o interior do material.

Oct 30, 2017

By Eder Lúcio de Castro Martins

A Mina de Morro Agudo da Votorantim Metais está localizada na cidade de Paracatu (MG). A mina compreende um depósito de zinco e chumbo e atualmente o método de lavra empregado é o de Câmara e Pilares. O estudo geometalúrgico empregado na unidade tem por objetivo avaliar a performance das câmaras de lavra submetidas a testes de bancada correlacionando características mineralógicas com as etapas de beneficiamento. O minério é constituído predominantemente pelos minerais minério esfalerita (ZnS) e galena (PbS). O trabalho vem sendo desenvolvido com amostras de testemunhos de sondagem e representam as câmaras de lavra dos diversos níveis e regiões da Mina. Além dos testes de bancada que compreendem etapas de moagem, granuloquímica e flotação, as amostras são submetidas às análises químicas e mineralógicas. Foram determinados estatisticamente as classes de teores de alimentação dos testes, com o objetivo de realizar comparações de indivíduos que pertencem à mesma população. As câmaras de lavra são classificadas pelo rendimento geometalúrgico de acordo com a performance da variável recuperação metálica. De acordo com os resultados dos testes em bancada e sua respectiva classificação geometalúrgica, é possível traçar estratégias para que o planejamento de lavras e a usina de beneficiamento possam trabalhar em sinergia, de forma a maximizar o valor econômico de determinada frente de lavra.

Aug 17, 2017

Aamot, Olav Crone, Chem. Engr., Elektrokemisk Raadhusgt..23, Oslo. Norway. '29 Abadilla, Quirico A., Dir., Bureau of Mines Manila, P. I. '3S Abbott, Clarence E., V.P., Charge of Raw Materials, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co., 1242 Brown-Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abel, Raymond L.. Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin., Univ. of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pa. '2S Abel, Walter D., Div. of Corporations Los Angeles, Calif. '32 Abele, Louis T., U. S. Corps of Engrs 7211 Glen Oak Ave., Baltimore. Md. '31 Abel], Leo M., Research Met., Mount Morgan Ltd Mount Morgan, Queens.. Australia. '31 Abenius, Hakan V c/o Falu Gruva, Falun, Sweden. '37 Abernathy, G. E., Geol., Kansas State Geol. Survey Pittsburg, Kan. 3S Aborn. Robert H., Asst. Met., Research Lab., U. S. Steel Corp., Lincoln Highway, Kearny, N. J. '19 Abrams, Charles Jackson 1624 17th St., Denver, Colo. '3 t. Abstein. Henry T., Engr. & Mgr., Profile-Tamarack Mines CoYellow Pine, Idaho. '27 Acker, E. O'C., Met L28 East Washington Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. '86 Ackerman, D. E., Met., Assoc. Prof. of Met., Purdue Univ Lafayette, Ind. '35 Ackerman, E. Dumont, Sub-Surface Geol., Temblador Camp, Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela, Caripito, Venezuela. '3S Ackerman, George F.,. Div. Foreman. The Fresnillo Co Fresnillo, Zac., Mexico. '36 Adami, A. F., V.P. & Prof. of Min. Engrg., Montana School of Mines Butte, Mont. '19 Adami, Charles J., Min. Engr 99 S. Downing St., Denver. Colo. '12 Adams, Army, Cons. Engr 714 W. Main St., Grass Valley, Calif. .'37 Adams, Clyde B.. Geol.. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc 26 Broadway, New York, N. Y. '39 Adams, Ernest C., 6th Engrs Fort MacIntosh, Laredo, Tex. '35 Adams, F. J., Gen'l Agent, Gulf Production & Pipe Line Cos Fort Worth, 'lox. '29 Adams, F. S., Supt., Power Dept., Anaconda Copper Min. CoAnaconda, Mont. '37 ADAMS. FRANK DAWSON, Hon. Mbr., 1913; Logan Prof. of Geology and Dean, Faculty of Applied Science. McGill Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada. '13 Adams, Gale L., Supervisor, Process & Dev. Lab., General Pet. Corp. of California, Higgins Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif. '18

Jan 1, 1939

By Bianca Harue Ueharar

Os métodos de pré-concentração, dentre os quais podemos destacar o gravimétrico, magnético, peneiramento e ore sorting, eliminam grande parte da massa a ser alimentada na usina, o que consequentemente impacta nas características do material que irá alimentar a moagem. Assim, este trabalho busca fazer uma comparação no desgaste de circuitos de moagem com e sem a pré-concentração em minérios de baixo teor. Através de ensaios laboratoriais de AI de Bond, foi obtido o valor da abrasividade e com isso é possível estimar o consumo de material de desgaste e revestimento dos circuitos. O estudo indica que o resultado é benéfico pois, eliminando-se mais da metade da massa, o desgaste dos equipamentos decai de forma proporcional, com um ganho maior no caso do ensaio em que a abrasividade do material pré-concentrado é menor. Portanto, do ponto de vista econômico, além da pré-concentração ter baixo custo operacional, a redução nos gastos com revestimento e bolas na moagem diminui de forma muito significativa.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jiongtian Liu, Guixia Fan, Caom Yijun

A cyclonic-static micro bubble flotation column (FCSMC) is an effective separation device for fine grain treatment. The separation of fine ilmenite by FCSMC was explored in this work. The influence of reagents dosage (regulator, collector and auxiliary collector), pulp density, circulation pressure and aeration quantity on TiO2grade and recovery wasinvestigated.The optimal conditions of a rougher are follows: pulp density 45%, pH 5.0, MOH collector dosage 2800 g/t, diesel oil dosage 700 g/t, circulationpressure 0.19 MPa, aeration quantity 0.8 m3/(m2•min). The optimal conditions of a cleaner are follows: pH 4.0, circulation pressures 0.16 MPa, and aeration quantity 0.5 m3/(m2•min).A pilot plant continuous test with a rougher-cleaner by FCSMC for 72 hours was proceeded under the optimum conditions. Compared with industrial flotation machines, the concentrate grade of FCSMC is 48.11% with an improvement of 1.08 percentagepoints, while the recovery is 82.36% with 13.64 percentagepoints increment. Moreover, the flowsheet is simplified from six parts (a rougher-two scavenger-three cleaner) in flotation machines to two parts (a rougher-cleaner) in FCSMC. Proofs were also provided by the analysis of the by-size grade and recovery of concentrate.Results show the FCSMC is an effective separation device to recover -74 µm size fraction.

Jan 1, 2014

By Paulo Henrique da Silva Gomes

O tráfego rodoviário de cargas está em franco crescimento, se diversificando nas rodovias e também nos grandes centros urbanos. O uso de novos implementos (carretas maiores e com maior capacidade de carga) resulta no travamento das vias urbanas, causando grandes transtornos à população. Em muitas cidades, o tráfego exige um novo planejamento urbano e construção de vias alternativas. Em Volta Redonda, RJ, estão sendo desenvolvidos projetos com alternativas de fluxos rodoviários, que buscam soluções para o transporte coletivo, bem como, para fluxo de veículos pequenos, médios e de cargas da cidade. O fluxo de caminhões que abastecem e escoam os produtos da CSN - Usina Presidente Vargas, tendem a crescer com o aumento de produtividade da planta de Cimentos e startup da planta de Aços Longos, com início de suas operações em Janeiro/14. Alternativas como a intensificação do uso de ferrovia são foco do trabalho da área de logística da CSN, porém não eliminam o uso do modal rodoviário.

Jul 29, 2018

By C. F. Cornell, R. C. Emmett, D. A. Dahlstrom

FOR many years the disk-type and cloth-covered drum filters have found widest application in liquid-solids separation, which uses continuous filters. The disk type is less expensive, occupies less floor space per square foot of filtration area, and requires negligible down time for filter media changing. However, because filter cloth is billowed out by the blowback in the cake discharge, it is very short-lived if the scraper blades are set too close. Consequently cake weight is very important in assisting cake discharge, which normally necessitates a minimum cake thickness of 3/8 to ½ in. Also, the vertical position of the disks eliminates the possibility of efficient cake washing for removal of soluble values. The disk-type filter is generally limited, therefore, to applications that require no cake washing and form relatively thick cakes within the normal range of filter cycle times. The conventional cloth-covered drum filter is a more flexible unit, permitting wider variation in the percentage of cycle time devoted to cake formation, dewatering, or washing, as required by the application. Thinner filter cakes can be discharged because a horizontal line across the filter medium at the location of the scraper blade is equidistant from the edge of the blade at all points. The scraper blade therefore may be set a short distance from the filter medium or, where wire winding is not used, a floating scraper can be utilized so that the contour of the cloth can be followed. The drum filter is generally employed when there are difficult filtering slurries with resultant thin cakes or when cake washing to recover soluble values must be practiced. Difficulties sometimes encountered in continuous filter operation can be summarized in the following four categories: 1) Low filtration and/or washing rates due to blinding of the filter medium. 2) Poor cake discharge resulting from sticky cakes, filter medium blinding, or too thin a cake for the particular type of filter. 3) High filter media costs caused by short life and frequent down times for cloth changing. This results from blinding or from abrasion by the scraper blade when cakes are thin. 4) Blowback of filtrate at cake discharge because not enough air passes through the cake to purge the drainage area and filtrate lines during dewatering. To reduce or eliminate blinding tendencies several modifications have been tried, for example, cover-cleaning showers, blowback under the feed slurry, and snap-blow cake discharge. In many cases, however, this simply retards the rate of blinding, since the filter medium is kept clean at its outer surface only by these methods. As blinding usually occurs within or on the back of the medium, the operator is finally forced either to remove the cloth and scrub the medium intensively with a cleaning solution or acid-rinse it on the filter—all resulting in down time, short cloth life, and additional costs.

Jan 1, 1959

By B. W. Prof. Frazier

I PROPOSE in this paper to treat of the chimney merely as a heat engine, as one of the devices resorted to in practice for the conversion of heat into mechanical work. For the sake of simplicity and clearness in the discussion, let us consider the subject in its simplest form. Conceive a chamber, heated from without, in free communicatioH at one end with the external atmosphere, and at the other end opening into a vertical chimney. Let the. cross-section of the chamber be so great, relatively to that of the chimney, that we can neglect the actual energy of the air passing through the chamber. We will neglect, also, all passive resistances to the passage of the air. We will assume that the cross-section of the chimney is constant, and that the air in passing through it neither gains nor loses heat. The following symbols will be employed in the discussion : Po = the normal pressure of the atmosphere, which, it is assumed, is the pressure existing at the level of the chamber. Po = 10332.96 kilograms per square meter. P2 = the pressure of the external atmosphere at the top of the chimney. To = the, absolute temperature of melting ice by the centigrade scale. This is assumed to be the temperature of the external air at the level of the chamber. To = 273°. T2 =the absolute temperature of the air as it passes from the chamber to the chimney. T3 =the absolute temperature of the air as it issues from the chimney. to, t2, t3 are the temperatures, as recorded on the centigrade ther¬mometer, corresponding to the absolute temperatures To, T2, T3 re-spectively to = 0° C. In general, t = T- 273. Io, I2, I3, represent the intrinsic energy of the air at the temperatures To, T2, T3 respectively.

Jan 1, 1882

Australian coals tend to be young in geological age and high in ash by world standards; preparation of the coal before marketing is almost universal. On the basis of float and sink data from 39 locations in the Eastern Australian coalfields, the coals are placed in four categories representing increasing difliculty in their washability characteristics. These seem to be related neither to the geological age nor the geographical position of the deposit and Hunter Valley coals, for example, span all categories. The influence of crushing on the washability of Australian coals is briefly considered and from limited data it is concluded to be appreciably smaller than for British or North American coals. A strategy for the float and sink analysis of Australian coals is proposed and the influence of washability characteristics on current trends in the selection of separating processes for coking and steaming products is discussed.

Jan 1, 1979

By Roney Eduardo Lino

As ocorrências recentes de terremotos em diversos países têm incentivado o desenvolvimento de vergalhão com características sísmicas, ou seja, que apresente elevada resistência mecânica sem que a ductilidade seja deteriorada. Este trabalho propôs uma abordagem investigativa dos principais fenômenos metalúrgicos atuantes no processo de laminação a quente de vergalhão em rolo Ø20 mm. Foi utilizado um modelo matemático de evolução microestutural com equações capazes de prever a quantidade de elementos microligantes ao longo do processo, a cinética de precipitação e o comportamento do tamanho de grão austenítico durante todo o tempo de laminação. Os resultados industriais de microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas convergiram com os resultados previstos pelo modelo. Com combinação do modelo matemático com testes industriais foi possível obter vergalhão com limite de escoamento superior a 600 MPa e alongamento de 15 %.

Oct 30, 2017

By P. Share

As part of JAGUARS (JApanese-German Underground Acoustic emission Research in South Africa), high-resolution tiltmeters were installed during 2007 at Mponeng gold mine, South Africa, in an attempt to study and understand the risks posed by in-mine seismic events and to subsequently use the knowledge gained to mitigate these risks. In December 2007, an M2.2 event occurred at Mponeng and was detected by the tiltmeters installed. The tilt expected for the M2.2 event is modelled through the use of numerical and analytical tools and utilizing, as input parameters, characteristics of the event such as the rupture area, the amount of slip, elastic properties of the rock, the state of stress before the event occurred, and frictional parameters of the rupture. The calculated tilt values are correlated and compared with the recorded data, and are found to be of the same order. Certain input parameters, such as the initial rupture point, are further constrained by varying them, during modelling, until the calculated and observed tilt values are approximately equal. From modelling, it can be concluded that the rupture point had to be closer to the location of the tiltmeters. In addition, possible locations acting as source areas for the observed aftertilt are determined. Further modelling still needs to be done to quantify the effects of the tunnel close to the tiltmeters and plastic deformation of the rock mass. Keywords high-resolution tilt data, Mponeng gold mine, M 2.2 seismic event, analytical modeling, numerical modeling, rupture plane.

Oct 1, 2013

By Rossana Bezerra de Azevedo Vasconcelos Seabra de Melo

O presente estudo apresenta um método de avaliação de desempenho de operadores nas análises químicas que caracterizam o minério de ferro. São eles: Ferro total (Fe), sílica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), manganês (Mn), fósforo (P) e perda por calcinação (PPC). O desempenho é avaliado em termos de precisão e veracidade. Estes dois indicadores primários são combinados num secundário denominado de indicador de “confiabilidade metrológica”. O método foi aplicado nos laboratórios da Mina (no estado do Pará) e do Porto (no estado do Maranhão) de uma empresa mineradora onde foi possível: 1) conhecer o desempenho de cada laboratório assim como conhecer o desempenho de cada operador; 2) identificar os pontos fortes (identificar o procedimento que leva a melhores desempenhos) e oportunidades de melhorias (atuar nas causas, capacitar); 3) equalizar a forma de executar cada uma das tarefas com as melhores práticas identificadas; 4) proporcionar oportunidade de desenvolvimento técnico dos profissionais envolvidos no processo. O desempenho neste indicador tornou-se critério avaliação de aptidão para executar análises.

Aug 2, 2018

By Angela Selau Marques

A ferramenta CAE possibilita a avaliação do processo de forjamento virtualmente para otimização da produção industrial reduzindo o custo final do produto através do mínimo uso de matéria prima, juntamente com a previsão das variáveis que ocorrem durante a conformação do material no processo. Os procedimentos necessários para o forjamento de uma peça com geometria de média complexidade forjada em alumínio é apresentada. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar experimentalmente o forjamento desta e compara-la com a simulação computacional.

Aug 8, 2018

By L. S. Darken

Measurements of the electrical conductivity, the thermal electromotive force, and the deviation from stoichiometry by thermogravimetry were made on ferrous oxide (wüstite) single crystals as well as on poly-crystalline samples in the temperature range of -900" to 1330°C. In the region defined by T 2 1000°C and 1.05 5 O/Fe 5 1.10 the electrical conductivity was shown to be proportional to the sixth root of- the oxygen partial pressure and to be linearly dependent on the deviation from stoichiometry. The absolute Seebeck coefficient of single and polycrystalline wüstite was shown to be independent of temperature in the above region and a p to n transition of the Seebeck coefficient was observed at O/Fe = 1.09 in polycrystalline wüstite. Analysis of the results showed that the predominant defects in wüstite in the above region were doubly ionized cation vacancies. The analysis also ruled out the existence of complexes of the type postulated by Roth, except that below 1000°C there is some evidence of 'association of defects. Of the three oxides of iron (FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3) only FeO (wüstite) can exist within a wide range of the ratio O/Fe. This has been shown by several investigations of the phase diagram using for instance chemical analysis of quenched samples'-4 or thermogravimetric measurements. 5,8 Darken and Gurry's1 data for example in the temper- ature range 1100o to 1400°C show that the lowest O/Fe ratio obtainable for FeOl +. is about 1.045 and that the existence range extends to O/Fe = 1.20 at 1400oC. On the basis of detailed analysis of thermogravimetric measurements made by Vallet and Raccah6 the existence of three varieties of wüstite at elevated temperatures was suggested by these authors and by Kleman. It is well-established that wüstite has a NaCl structure with vacant cation sites.3, 8 From a neutron-diffraction study of wüstite samples quenched to room temperature Roth9 concluded that defects in wüstite are mostly complexes composed of two cation vacancies and one interstitial cation in a tetrahedral site. The atomic arrangement in the vicinity of such a defect is similar to that in magnetite, where each occupied tetrahedral site is surrounded by four vacant octahedral positions disposed at the corners of a tetrahedron, so arranged that each vacancy is shared by two tetrahedral cations. Thus there is an average of two vacancies per interstitial. Recent X-ray diffraction measurements made by Smuts10 on quenched wüstite samples confirmed the results of Roth's neutron-diffraction experiments. Roth's model of defects in FeO can be regarded as a solid solution of Fe3O4 in FeO; salmon1' used this defect model to calculate the activity of Fe3O1 in FeO at high temperature and claimed good agreement with the results obtained experimentally by Darken and Gurry.' Each missing cation in wüstite is accompanied by two trivalent cations, thus preserving charge neutrality. The "holes" which differentiate between the Fe 2+ and Fe3' states of the ions in octahedral positions can overcome the attractive field of the cation vacancies, and are then free to move through the crystal as charge carriers. A similar picture holds for COO, NiO, andMnO.l2, 13 Localization of the charge carriers in transition

Jan 1, 1968

By D. S. Tannhauser, I. Bransky

Measurements of the electrical conductivity, the thermal electromotive force, and the deviation from stoichiometry by thermogravimetry were made on ferrous oxide (wüstite) single crystals as well as on poly-crystalline samples in the temperature range of -900" to 1330°C. In the region defined by T 2 1000°C and 1.05 5 O/Fe 5 1.10 the electrical conductivity was shown to be proportional to the sixth root of- the oxygen partial pressure and to be linearly dependent on the deviation from stoichiometry. The absolute Seebeck coefficient of single and polycrystalline wüstite was shown to be independent of temperature in the above region and a p to n transition of the Seebeck coefficient was observed at O/Fe = 1.09 in polycrystalline wüstite. Analysis of the results showed that the predominant defects in wüstite in the above region were doubly ionized cation vacancies. The analysis also ruled out the existence of complexes of the type postulated by Roth, except that below 1000°C there is some evidence of 'association of defects. Of the three oxides of iron (FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3) only FeO (wüstite) can exist within a wide range of the ratio O/Fe. This has been shown by several investigations of the phase diagram using for instance chemical analysis of quenched samples'-4 or thermogravimetric measurements. 5,8 Darken and Gurry's1 data for example in the temper- ature range 1100o to 1400°C show that the lowest O/Fe ratio obtainable for FeOl +. is about 1.045 and that the existence range extends to O/Fe = 1.20 at 1400oC. On the basis of detailed analysis of thermogravimetric measurements made by Vallet and Raccah6 the existence of three varieties of wüstite at elevated temperatures was suggested by these authors and by Kleman. It is well-established that wüstite has a NaCl structure with vacant cation sites.3, 8 From a neutron-diffraction study of wüstite samples quenched to room temperature Roth9 concluded that defects in wüstite are mostly complexes composed of two cation vacancies and one interstitial cation in a tetrahedral site. The atomic arrangement in the vicinity of such a defect is similar to that in magnetite, where each occupied tetrahedral site is surrounded by four vacant octahedral positions disposed at the corners of a tetrahedron, so arranged that each vacancy is shared by two tetrahedral cations. Thus there is an average of two vacancies per interstitial. Recent X-ray diffraction measurements made by Smuts10 on quenched wüstite samples confirmed the results of Roth's neutron-diffraction experiments. Roth's model of defects in FeO can be regarded as a solid solution of Fe3O4 in FeO; salmon1' used this defect model to calculate the activity of Fe3O1 in FeO at high temperature and claimed good agreement with the results obtained experimentally by Darken and Gurry.' Each missing cation in wüstite is accompanied by two trivalent cations, thus preserving charge neutrality. The "holes" which differentiate between the Fe 2+ and Fe3' states of the ions in octahedral positions can overcome the attractive field of the cation vacancies, and are then free to move through the crystal as charge carriers. A similar picture holds for COO, NiO, andMnO.l2, 13 Localization of the charge carriers in transition

Jan 1, 1968

By Anamélia de Medeiros Dantas

Os revestimentos protetores, além de constituírem uma importante forma de prevenção à corrosão metálica, principalmente a atmosférica pode melhorar consideravelmente as propriedades físico-químicas. A eletrodeposição representa um método alternativo para revestimentos de superfície metálica e tem a finalidade de inibir a corrosão, que ocorre na superfície do metal sob a influência do meio ambiente. A liga de Co-W tem gerado considerável interesse devido a sua resistência ao desgaste e a corrosão. No processo de eletrodeposição do tungstênio não podem ser reduzidos completamente ao estado de valência zero em meio aquoso, mas é possível depositá-los na presença dos elementos do grupo do ferro. O presente trabalho propõe avaliar a influência do agente complexante tartarato de sódio no processo de obtenção da liga Co-W. Como ferramenta de otimização foi utilizado à metodologia de superfície de resposta. As medidas eletroquímicas de corrosão foram executadas em uma célula convencional de três eletrodos. Foram utilizadas as mediadas de polarização potenciodinâmicos linear. Foi avaliada a composição química das ligas pelo EDX e a morfologia da superfície com o MEV. O melhor resultado de eletrodeposição para a liga Co-W foi obtido com concentrações sulfato de cobalto 0.2 M, tartarato de sódio 0.3 M e tungstato de sódio 0.05 M e apresentou morfologia nodular com conteúdos de tungstênio de 38% e cobalto de 62% e uma boa resistência a corrosão.

Aug 8, 2018

By J. E. Cannaday, R. J. Austin, R. K. Saxer

PREVIOUS investigators have determined activation energies and have postulated various controlling mechanisms for creep.'-' Recently Barrett et 01.I5 have suggested, as the result of their work with cadmium, that the apparent activation energies for creep (AHc) above 0.5 T, could be correlated by means of activation energies for self-diffusion (AHSD) and modulus of elasticity functions: AHC = AHSD - (5RT/E) dE/dT. The wide disparity of apparent activation energies previously obtained with nickel compared to those reported for other fcc metals and the desire to test the postulate of Barrett el al. prompted this study. The as-received 17.5-mil nickel wire used during this work assayed 99.87 pct pure, Table I. X-ray analysis indicated that the wire was in a stress-re- lieved state and metallographic examination revealed an equiaxed grain size of approximately 0.01 mm. Specimens degreased in acetone and cut to 1-1/2 in. lengths were tested in a cam-mechanized constant-stress creep machine. A vacuum of at least lo-5 mm Hg was maintained during all tests. Stresses were applied when thermal equilibrium was established. When a measurable (at least 0.5 pct) secondary creep was observed, the temperature was pulsed to a higher temperature. Pulsing time varied from 30 sec at 480°C to 2 min at 1300'C and above. Slopes of creep curves were determined after the initial acceleration in the strain rate had subsided and steady-state creep was achieved. To confirm the results obtained, additional tests were performed incorporating a temperature pulsing method suggested by sherby. In this method the load was removed during temperature pulsing and reapplied after thermal expansion had occurred. No appreciable differences in results were obtained. Tests were performed over a wide range of temperature (470" to 1310°C) and stresses (250 to 17,000 psi). The expression was used to calculate activation energies. In this expression T1 and T2 are the initial and final temperatures, and el and i2 are the creep rates at T, and T2. The variation of the apparent activation energies with the mean test temperature calculated by means of Eq. [I] are shown in Fig. 1. The mean test temperature (Tmean) was calculated from the relationship

Jan 1, 1967