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This report was prepared by Jacob Tolsma and Arnold N. Johnson of the Uniroya 1 Research Center, Wayne, New Jersey. The valuable assistance and suggestions of the project officers, Mr. Ronald D. Hill, Dr. David R. Maneval and Mr. John J. Buscavage is gratefully acknowledged. The authors are grateful to the following Uniroyal personnel: Mr. Daniel Shichman, manager of Engineering Research, and Dr. Emmanuel G. Kontos, manager of the Polymer Physics Research for their direction, encouragement and suggestions regarding the experimental work, and Mr. Mark Olson for the design of the hollow auger soil sampler. We also wish to gratefully acknowledge the efforts and contributions of ideas proposed by our consultants, Dr. Frank T. Caruccio, assistant professor of geology at State University College, New Paltz, New York, and Dr. Pa Ho Hsu, associate professor of soil chemistry, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Jan 1, 1972

This Bureau of Mines report and its companion report (Information Circular 9142) have been prepared to assist in the preparation of prefeasibility type estimates for capital and operating costs of beneficiation of various types of mineral occurrences using current technology. The handbook provides a convenient costing procedure based on the summation of the costs for the unit processes required in any particular mining or mineral processing operation. The costing handbook consists of a series of costing sections, each corresponding to a specific mineral processing unit process. Contained within each section is the methodology to estimate either the capital or operating cost for that unit process. The unit process sections may be used to generate, in January 1984 dollars, costs through the use of either costing curves or formulae representing the prevailing technology. The mineral processing handbook includes individual cost estimation sections for unit operations associated with comminution, beneficiation, solid-liquid separation, hydrometallurgy, and special applications as well as infrastructure and plant general and administrative costs. When using this system for estimating cost data for a mineral processing facility or for checking or verifying processing costs from an existing facility, a minimum amount of background information is necessary.

Jan 1, 1987

By W. N. Poundstone, W. M. Merritts, B. A. Light

A joint investigation by the Bureau of Mines and the Christopher Coal Co. at the Humphrey No. 7 mine, operating in the Pittsburgh coalbed in northern West Virginia, was undertaken to gain more insight concerning the hazardous emission of methane gas in mining. This report describes the equipment, procedure, and results. Horizontal bleeder holes drilled in the faces drained large quantities of methane, eliminating downtime of mining equipment. Also, larger quantities of methane were removed by forcing 14 to 25 g,.p.m. water at 25 to 200 p.s.i. 5 pressure into the bleeder holes. In one infusion test a fluorescein dye was added to the infusion water; in later mining operations, the infusion water was traced for a distance of 1,500 feet. With vacuum pump applied to the horizontal hole the gas-flow rate increased, and the methane content decreased. Tests indicated that methane and water infused in bleeder holes traveled along the bedding planes of the Pittsburgh coalbed at a faster rate than across the planes. Methane associated with coalbeds is produced by the slow decomposition of carbonaceous material in the absence of air and the presence of water. It is lighter than air and, depending on its concentration, forms an inflammable or explosive mixture with air. It is believed that methane is entrapped in and around the pores of the coal and adjacent strata--often under great pressure. In many cases where the strata have been disturbed by geologic movements the

Jan 1, 1962

By Jr. Hazen

This report documents 653 sets of sample data involving 78,366 assays obtained from past exploration for various minerals and metals. Most of these data have been taken from published reports describing exploration projects, conducted jointly by the Bureau of Mines and the Geological Survey, for the Strategic Minerals Program from 1940 through 1949. Means and standard deviations have been computed for the exploration assay data and have been plotted on graphs for 22 minerals and metals. A mathematical model, based on the binomial distribution, has been developed to explain the configuration of the plots of the exploration means and standard deviations. The two statistics, mean and standard deviation, which describe assay data, have been used for simulating probability models. These probability models then have been combined with the binomial model of the exploration assays and related to the sequential decision process associated with exploration drilling for mineral deposits. These probability regions can be used to form the basis for sequentially predicting the probable range of the average grade of mineral or metal that may be expected as an exploration drilling program is continued after the initial discovery of mineralization has been made.

Jan 1, 1966

By John A. Breslin

This report summarizes the principal activities and significant results of the Bureau of Mines respirable dust research program since passage of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 and the Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act of 1977. This program has investigated new and improved techniques and equipment to reduce or prevent the formation of dust during the cutting cycle; to dilute, suppress, or collect airborne dust generated during mining, handling, and processing; and to improve the measurement of dust levels for evaluation of engineering controls and for enforcement of Federal dust standards. The report is intended for mining industry dust control specialists and other interested parties. It includes a brief summary of the program to date, a section on future research plans and goals, and a list of publications resulting from the Bureau's respirable dust program.

Jan 1, 1982

By John C. Machisak

The Nation's mining and quarrying industries have again met the annual challenge to their ingenuity--that of reducing disabling work injuries among their employees. The effectiveness of management in facing this problem and in meeting this responsibility from the results of the 1961 National Safety Competition. Three hundred ninety-three or 45.3 percent of the mines and quarries participating in the competition established a new record number of participants operating throughout the competition year without a disabling work injury. Another record established in the 1961 contest was the number of participants (868) enrolled in the competition. This annual safety competition was begun in 1925 and is conducted by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior. It provides for six bronze Sentinels of safety trophies which are awarded each year to the winning participant in each group. Since its inception, the competition has exerted a strong influence in the field of safety promotion. The statistical record of its accomplishments over the years gives strong support to the theory that well-organized and well-administered safety programs are effective tools to be used to reduce the number of disabling work injuries. It stimulates and holds the interest of employees and management in accident prevention. Because of this, mines and quarries participating in the contest have a more favorable safety record than those operations not enrolled.

Jan 1, 1963

By John C. Machisak

The Nation's mining and quarrying industries have again met the annual challenge to their ingenuity--that of reducing disabling work injuries among their employees. The effectiveness of management in facing this problem and in meeting this responsibility is evident from the results of the 1961 National Safety Competition. Three hundred ninety-three or 45.3 percent of the mines and quarries participating in the competition established a new record number of participants operating throughout the competition year without a disabling work injury. Another record established in the 1961 contest was the number of participants (868) enrolled in the competition. This annual safety competition was begun in 1925 and is conducted by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior. It provides for six bronze Sentinels of safety trophies which are awarded each year to the winning participant in each group. Since its inception, the competition has exerted a strong influence in the field of safety promotion. The statistical record of its accomplishments over the years gives strong support to the theory that well-organized and well- administered safety programs are effective tools to be used to reduce the number of disabling work injuries. It stimulates and holds the interest of employees and management in accident prevention. Because of this, mines and quarries participating in the contest have a more favorable safety record than those operations not enrolled.

Jan 1, 1963

By Henry Kreisinger, J. F. Barkley

This book is one of a series of publications being issued by the Bureau of Mines for the purpose of disseminating information in regard to the methods by which the fuels in this' country may be used most efficiently. A knowledge of the temperature of the gases in boiler settings and in other commercial apparatus using heat tends to develop improved designs of apparatus and better methods of operation, thus reducing waste of fuel. The following pages present, for the benefit of those designing, operating, and testing such apparatus, information as to the accuracy of temperature measurements made under certain conditions and the corrections that can be safely applied.

Jan 1, 1918

By Jane Applegate

This report documents efforts to design, develop and test a training approach which would assist front-end loader operators in the acquisition of skills and awareness to reduce the probability of their involvement in accidents in the mining environment. The goal of this project was to prepare and use (on a trial basis) a training method and materials which would be generally applicable to any loader and surface mining operation while at the same time, be adjustable by mine personnel to meet the specific needs of each mining operation. This effort resulted in the Front-End Loader Training System, a structured, performance-based training approach with diverse instructional aids and classroom and on-machine training experiences. Validation of the System at a large western mine demonstrated the utility and flexibility of the training approach and materials.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. A. Selvig

[THE BUREAU OF MINES receives many requests for information regarding the low-temperature carbonization properties of American coals. This report presents in collected form the results of Fischer-Schrader bench-scale, low-temperature carbonization assays at 500° C. made by the Chemistry and Physics Section at the Pittsburgh station of the Bureau of Mines. Most of the assays were made of coals tested in connection with a survey of gas and coke-making properties of American coals,4 which was started in 1928 by the Bureau in cooperation with the American Gas Association. Other coals were assayed in connection with miscellaneous investigations. Since 1930 about 400 samples of coal were assayed from nearly every coal-producing State, Alaska, and British Columbia, Canada. The results of the tests on about two-thirds of the coals are scattered through more than 50 separate publications. This paper summarizes the data in the published reports as well as all unpublished data obtained to January 1, 1956. The report also includes a detailed description of the procedure used in making the assay.]

Jan 1, 1957

An accelerated and coordinated program of coal research is believed by many to be a necessary step in assuring coal's proper position in the expanding energy market. The President's Advisory Committee on Energy Supplies and Resources Policy, for example, made the following recommendation: We recognize that coal is a great national asset and endorse a cooperative study to determine what research and development could be undertaken. The coal industry and both Federal and State Governments should participate in this study and its costs. Representatives of the coal industry have agreed that such a study should be initiated. Accordingly, Felix E. Wormser, Assistant Secretary - Mineral Resources, United States Department of the Interior, requested the Bureau of Mines and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., to conduct a survey of current research on bituminous coal. In addition to this survey, studies were made to determine research projects that would be of value to the coal industry.

Jan 1, 1956

By A. L. Murray

First -aid training as an adjunct to safety is receiving more wide spread recognition in the industries every year . Moreover , the adoption of a program for giving firstaid training to practically all employees at a mine or plant is based upon the experience gained and good results obtained from standard first -aid instruction during the past two decades . In the near future industries that desire to maintain a low accident rate , to decrease compensation costs , to reduce lost time , and to build up an efficient , loyal working force , will recognize that training in first aid is one way of attaining these results with little expenditure of time and effort . Progressive organizations will require every man from the superintendent down to take first - aid training and not , as heretofore , only a small percentage of the working force . When employees learn that first - aid training can be applied not only at their daily tasks but in their homes and on tthhee highways ,, they will welcome the opportunity of learning how to care for injuries and perhaps save lives . In a limited way first - aid instruction was given to miners as early as 1899 . Later , in 1904 , a few of the companies in the Pennsylvania anthracite district inaugurated the distribution of first - aid packets to their employees and instructed them in the use of the contents . It remained , however , for a branch of the United States Government to grasp the real significance of widespread first - aid training as an effective means of saving life and minimizing suffering from the large number of accidents among workers in the mineral industries . The United States , owing to its vast resources , both natural and human , for

Jan 1, 1930

By H. Kato, G. Asai, R. Blickensderfer, R. Siemens

Some relationships were established among crystallographic orientation , rollability , deformation texture , annealing behavior , slip planes , and ductile- brittle bend transition temperature of molybdenum single crystals . Six large molybdenum single crystals obtained from an ingot melted by electron beam were oriented by X - ray diffraction and rolled on crystallographic planes of low indices in a known direction . During room temperature rolling , cleavage occurred on 100 type planes . At 300 ° C the crystals were rolled to 95- percent reduction in thickness . The crystals ( 001 ) [ 110 ] and ( 011 ) [ 100 ] were most easily rolled . Pole figures were used to correlate the deformation textures of the rolled crystals with the initial crystallographic orientation . Several of the textures which developed could be explained as a rotation about a < 110 > axis of symmetry . The cube crystal ( 001 ) [ 100 ] retained much of its " cubic " orientation . The (001 ) [ 110 ] crystal developed the simplest texture , whereas the ( 211 ) [ 113 ] and ( 211 ) [ 120 ] crystals developed the most complex textures . The 1 - hour recrystallization temperature of the crystal ( 211 ) [ 113 ] was 700 ° C , which is about 300 ° C lower than that of commercial polycrystalline molybdenum . The poles of the slip planes ( as determined from gross slip lines at relatively low magnification ) tended to lie within 20 to 60 degrees of the pole of the rolling plane . The Knoop hardness was slightly dependent upon crystallographic orientation but more dependent upon rolling direction . The ductile- brittle bend transition temperature was dependent upon the rolling orientation and the dislocation density .

Jan 1, 1964

By A. J. Kraemer, O. C. Blade

This report on the properties of commercial motor fuels sold in the United States is a continuation of a series of reports made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee of the Cooperative Research Council (C.R.C. ) and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior . The first report contained data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-364 . Further reports on motor gasolines sold during the succeeding summers and winters to the summer of 1941 have been issued . No reports were made on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1941-42 and during the summer of 1942 . The present report presents analytical data for 1,120 samples , representing the products of approximately 88 companies . As in previous surveys , these companies include both large and small suppliers . In addition, the Pacific coast is represented by data averaged by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before being submitted and are published exactly as they were received . Conforming to previous surveys , the data cover three groups of samplesregular - price , premium - price , and third - grade gasolines and each group has been averaged separately. The number of samples , items and brands comprising each group, exclusive of those of the Pacific coast, are as follows : Regular price , 641 samples , 250 items , and 64 brands ; premium price , 439 samples , 222 items , and 68 brands ; third - grade gasoline , 50 samples , 50 items and 19 brands .

Jun 1, 1943

By Russell R. McLellan

Under the Heavy Metals Program, investigations were conducted at the old Badger dill placer mini in Nevada County California to collect data and information regarding drilling and sampling methods and deposit characteristics. The studies contributed to a team effort by five Bureau of Mines research groups to develop new or improved placer mining technology in the Tertiary gold-bearing channel gravel of northern California. This report describes the techniques used and the results obtained in the sampling and drilling stage of deposit delineation studies that were conducted by the Denver Mine Systems Engineering Group. Sampling included the collection and processing of 400 tons of largo and small volume samples from drill holes, underground workings, surface pits, and blast hole rounds. A total of 355 samples averaging 2,296 pounds per sample provided reasonably accurate data for analysis of the gold distribution. These studies indicate that the bulk of the gold is within 40 foot of bedrock in stacked, lenticular zones of cemented gravel that are largely confined to the relatively narrow, meandering course of the deepest portion of the bedrock channel. Drilling studies involved the testing of three types of truck-mounted drills including rotary, bucket and vibratory, none of which proved to be a completely versatile tool for sampling quickly and reliably both consolidated and unconsolidated gravel.

Jan 1, 2012

By C. R. Hubbard

The Bureau of Mines investigated the mineral resources of the Upper Missouri River Basin as a part of a comprehensive water and related land resources study by six Bureaus of the Department of the Interior, coordinated by the Department&apos;s Missouri River Basin Field Committee. The mineral resource study covers an area of about 18,000 square miles within the Great Plains physiographic province of central Montana. Exposed Formations in the plains are chiefly flat-lying Cretaceous sediments. Plutonic rocks crop out in the central parts of the mountain uplifts, with steeply tilted Paleozoic sediments exposed around the margins. Oil and gas have been produced from several fields in the study area; total value exceeds $45 million. Coal-bearing formations of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous age cover approximately 45 percent of the study area. Total production of coal since 1880 has been between 40 and 50 million tons, exceeding $75 million in value. Total metal production has been about $52.5 million. Industrial mineral production from 1925 through 1960, is valued at $24 million.

Jan 1, 1964

Auger operations produced 14 million tons of coal in 1974, or approximately 5% of all surface mined coal. It was the most efficient of all coal mining methods, producing 40.0 tons per man-day. Exhibit 1.1 gives a breakdown of productivity of all coal mining methods. Exhibit 161 PRODUCTIVITY OF COAL MINING METHODS (Short tons per man-day) [Method - 1971 1972 1973 1974 Conventional 11.00 10.00 9.75 9.30 Continuous 13.00 12.50 12.25 11.90 Strip Mines 35.69 35.95 36.00 36.00 Auger Mines 39.00 43.00 45.33 40.00 ] Unlike other surface mining methods, augering produces clean coal, largely uncontaminated by foreign materials, other than those existing in the coal seam itself. However, compared to other methods, the coal recovery rate is relatively low. For example, a triple-headed auger in a 35-inch seam would recover approximately 50% of the coal in the seam as compared to a 90 to 95% recovery rate for strip mining and a 55 to 65% recovery rate for deep-mining. The low auger recovery rate is due to the circular cuts and pillars left in the seam.

Jan 1, 1975

By C. R. Hubbard

The Bureau of Mines investigated the mineral resources of the Upper Missouri River Basin as a part of a comprehensive water and related land resources study by six Bureaus of the Department of the Interior, coordinated by the Department?s Missouri River Basin Field Committee. The mineral resource study covers an area of about 18,000 square miles within the Great Plains physiographic province of central Montana. Exposed formations in the plains are chiefly flat-lying Cretaceous sediments. Plutonic rocks crop out in the central parts of the mountain uplifts, with steeply tilted Paleozoic sediments exposed around the margins. Oil and gas have been produced from several fields in the study area; total value exceeds $45 million. Coal-bearing formations of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous age cover approximately 45 percent of the study area. Total production of coal since 1880 has been between 40 and 50 million tons, exceeding $75 million in value. Total metal production has been about $52.5 million. Industrial mineral production from 1925 through 1960, is valued at $24 million.

Jan 1, 1964

By John Nagy, Austin R. Cooper

Information is presented on the pressure and rate of pressure development during a dust explosion . The data were obtained in laboratory studies in a 75- cubic inch vessel with mineral , agricultural and chemical dusts . The factors investigated include dust concentration , oxygen concentration of the atmosphere , admixed inert powder , and admixed moisture . Information is given also on the effects of these factors on the composition of the atmosphere after the explosion .

Jan 1, 1964

By George Watkin Evans

The United States Geological Survey has estimated 1 that the State of Washington contains 11,412,000,000 tons of bituminous coal and 52,442,000,000 tons of subbituminous coal, in beds more than 14 inches thick. As the present rate of production is about 4,000,000 tons a year, Washington apparently contains coal enough to supply Pacific coast markets for many years. The character of the coal beds of Washington renders the production of clean coal very difficult, and a considerable proportion of the output is washed before it is marketed. In 1915 Washington ranked fifth among the States in the amount of coal washed, though only twentieth in total output. In that year 37.9 per cent of the coal produced in the State was treated in surface cleaning plants. On account of extensive folding and faulting of the coal measures, mining in Washington presents many difficulties; therefore a description of the methods employed at some of the mines may be useful in planning operations in other regions, and is presented in this bulletin. The coals of Washington differ in quality, ranging from true lignites in Cowlitz County in the southern part of the State to anthracites in the Mount Baker district of Whatcom County, in the north~ rn part. Most of the output consists of subbituminous and bituminous coals, the latter including both coking and noncoking varieties. Analyses of the coals of the State and descriptions of the beds from which the samples were taken have been printed in publications of the United States Bureau of Mines.2 Details of coal beds and analyses of the coals of King, Kittitas, and Pierce Counties have also been published by the Washington Geological Survey; 3 and most of the coal beds of the State are described in some detail in a bulletin of the United States Geological Survey.4 In 1918 mining was in progress at 72 mines in the State 4a; 46 of these mines each employed more than 10 men underground. These mines were distributed as follows: Thurston County, 1; Lewis County, 7; Kittitas County, 14; King County, 16; Pierce County, 6; Skagit County, 1; and Whatcom County, 1. During that year a total of 5,847 men were employed, 4,172 underground and 1,675 on the surface. The average number of days worked in the State was 275, and the average yearly output per man was 706 tons. Coke is made only in Pierce County by four companies, which have a total of 341 beehive ovens. In 1918 they produced 93,699 tons of coke. Up to 1919 mining machines were little used in the State. In 1917 only 6.61 per cent of the coal :produced was undercut by machines. In that year 58.95 per cent of the coal was mined by hand, and 34.44 per cent was shot off the solid. The explosives used were as follows: Black powder, 36.6 per cent; dynamite, 38.l per cent; and permissible, 25.3 per cent. The State of Washington is divided naturally into two parts by the Cascade Mountains which extend north and south somewhat west of the middle of the State. The coal areas east of the range will hereafter be referred to as eastern Washington-though nearly all of it is west of the middle of the State-and that on the west side as western Washington. The geographical distribution of the coal fields is shown in Plate I. Exploration of the State has not been exhaustive enough to preclude the possibility of discovering, besides the foregoing, other districts that contain deposits of coal in commercial quantities.

Jan 1, 1924