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By H. K. Najarian

AT Josephtown, Pa., on the south hank of the Ohio River about thirty miles northwest of Pittsburgh, is the Josephtown electrothermic zinc smelter, which operates as a custom smelter receiving both domestic and foreign concentrates. Constructed in 1930, the plant was designed to produce zinc oxide and to process 124 tons per day of zinc concentrate obtained mainly from the Company's New York State mines. Zinc condensing equipment was developed in conjunction with the St. Joe electrothermic. furnace and commercial production of zinc metal started in 1936. Expansion of the plant and equipment during 1939 and 1940 brought the processing. capacity to upwards of 300 tons of concentrate per day; and the plant operated at peak capacity during the war years, earning the Army-Navy "E" award and three subsequent stars. A postwar plant expansion is now under way, designed to increase the capacity to 500 tons per day of concentrate, with an estimated daily production of 160 tons of zinc metal of various grades, about 100 tons of zinc oxide, and 425 tons of sulphuric acid as major products.

Jan 1, 1947

By F. F. ESPIE

Giving the keynote address in the final session of a conference dealing with closely related topics has a disadvantage in that much of what can be said has been said. It also has an advantage, however, because it presents the speaker with the opportunity to integrate and analyse the material presented by the various speakers. I would like to look to the near future in Australia and the United States of America, to the risks, problem areas, and changes of a rapidly evolving post-industrial era-an era we are beginning to experience where industry no longer 'calls the tune'. We miners have been quick to point out and emphasize, that ours is a 'high-risk' industry in the world of business and commerce. Yet, clearly those who have survived, and been successful, have learned to anticipate and cope with risk and change. This ability has been a 'distinguishing feature of the industry's leaders who, in market studies and commodity selection, exploration and development, mine planning, metallurgical pro- cessing, and general administration and operation 1. identify areas-of risk or inevitable change, 2. analyse, test and quantify those factors of risk or change, and 3. design methods, systems, equipment to eliminate, moderate, or control or economically compensate for predicted risks or changes.

Jan 1, 1978

By A. D. Hughes

A relatively small area in Malaya, about 200 miles long by 40 miles wide, is the most important source of tin in the world. Some tin is recovered in other parts of the peninsula. Of the tin mined, 98 pct is recovered from alluvial deposits. From 1935 to 1941 the average annual world production of tin was 190,000 tons. The average annual production from Malaya during the same period was 62,000 tons or about one third of the total. Other producing countries, in order of importance, were the Netherlands East Indies 34,000 tons, Bolivia 30,000, Belgian Congo, Nigeria, Siam, Burma, China, and a few others with smaller amounts. The serious shortage of tin during the war period was due to the fact that the Japanese were occupying Malaya, Netherlands East Indies, Siam, Burma, and China which, together, formerly were producing 65 pct of the world supply.

Jan 1, 1949

Feb. 18 to. 21, 1918 Committee on Arrangements J. E. JOHNSON, JR., Chairman BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Vice-Chairman A. R. LEDOUX RALPH W. DEACON F. T. RUBIDGE L. W. FRANCIS E. M. SHIPP MRS. S J. JENNINGS J. V. N. DORR A. L. WALKER G. D. VAN ARSDALE R. M. RAYMOND Finance Committee ALBERT R. LEDOUX, Chairman WALTER H. ALDRIDGE J. H. JANEWAY GEORGE D. BARRON CHARLES F. RAND WALTER DOUGLAS BENJAMIN B. THAYER

Jan 4, 1918

By John J. McKetta. Jr., Louis B. Lesem, George H. Fancher

The proration of oil produced in the field frequently is based partially or entirely upon the gas-oil ratio of wells. The measurement of the gas-oil ratio is one of the more important field tests in regulatory and pro-ration work, and the test always should be conducted according to standardized methods and procedure. Obviously, the gas-oil ratio and the volume of gas produced by a well depend upon many factors but should be independent of the method of measurement and of the devices used to measure gas and oil. Consequently, the volume of gas accompanying a barrel of oil produced by a well may be measured by any reliable and accurate device or instrument. Frequently either a critical flow prover or an orifice well tester is used for this purpose, and for a particular well the same rate of flow of gas should be obtained regardless of whether a critical flow prover or an orifice well tester is employed in the test. In Texas, when using either instrument, either Capacity Table 1 or 5' is employed in making the necessary computations. If the tables are used, a discrepancy always is found whenever the two instruments are compared by extrapolation to the same conditions of flow. Clearly, Tables 1 and 5 must be at fault in some respects. The orifice well tester and the Bureau of Mines type of critical flow prover are essentially the same instrument; both devices utilize a square-edged orifice 1/8 in. in di-ameter as the primary element, and both freely discharge gas to the atmosphere. Tables for the orifice well tester' have been published in the ranges of 0 to 15 in, of water and 0 to 40 in. of mercury (Hg) differential in pressure. Coefficients for the critical flow prover have been published for differentials in pressure greater than 75 psia. An extrapolation of either differs from the other set of data as much as 18 per cent at some points. No immediately obvious reasons for the discrepancy was found, and data available from the literature were insufficient to effect reconciliation. Consequently, a series of experiments was performed to check the available data and to determine discharge coefficients for the two devices in an overlapping range of differential pressure. The correlating equation used in preparation of tables such as Tables 1 and 5' is the so-called hydraulic equation, Q = C1 vh .....(1) The tables cover orifice sizes from 1/8 through 1 1/4 in. A second set of tables, for use with greater differentials in pressure, apply only to the 3/4, 1, and 1 1/4-in. orifice plates over a pressure range of 0 to 40 in. of Hg. The correlating equation used in preparation of the tables is Q = C2 vH(29.32 + 0.3H)/G . (2) Each of these equations is valid only for the range to which it has been applied, and neither equation is valid for extrapolation. Theoretical equations for flow through an orifice are based upon assumptions of fractionless flow and an emergent jet the size of the orifice. A multiplier, C,, called the discharge coefficient, is inserted into the theoretical expression to compensate for both frictional losses and the contraction of the jet experienced in the plane of the orifice. Buckingham3 shows that C, should vary with the ratio of upstream to downstream pressure for flow of a compressible fluid at any average linear velocity through the orifice less than the velocity of sound. Work published by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics4 indicates that the variation continues into the so-called critical flow region until the vena contracta coincides with the plane of the orifice. The NACA work, however, does not indicate a leveling off of the coefficient. The work of the Bureau of Mines5 for the critical flow prover was based on differential pressures greater than 75 psi and indicates that the discharge coefficient, Cd, is constant in this region at a value of about 0.86.

Jan 1, 1958

By F. L. Clerc

THE lead and zinc region of SW. Missouri is interesting, not only by reason of the value of its output, which ranges in the neighborhood of ten million dollars a year, but even more because of the facilities which it offers for the study of certain forms of ore-deposits, of which the loci and genesis are somewhat obscure. Although the mineral species found in the region are few and of common occurrence, crystallization has taken place on a generous scale, and unusual forms abound in many combinations, presenting examples of pseudomorphism, paragenesis, metasomatic replacement and the action of mineral-depositing and mineral-dissolving waters. For the mineralogist, lithologist, and specialist in certain lines of metamorphism, it has peculiar attractions, while the systematic geologist will perhaps find its chief claim to attention in the simplified problem it presents, in the study of ore-deposits. In addition to the phenomena above enumerated, it presents instances of well-developed comb-structure in the ores, fissures and faults, and slickensides-features usually associated with extensive movements in the earth's crust, and believed by some authorities to prove the deep-seated origin of the ores. In connection with these occurrences, the absence of all igneous rocks from this region is noteworthy and significant. For that reason, the simplified case presented by the Joplin region, from which these rocks have been eliminated as a factor, is specially valuable. Having had unusual opportunities to watch the development of this district, I have been deeply interested in the bearing of the revelations of the Joplin mines upon questions of universal importance to the science of ore-deposits ; and it was to my great regret that the project of a meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers at Joplin, proposed in 1892, was

Mar 1, 1907

By J. B. Newkirk

IN 1939 Bitter and Kaufmann1 suggested that iron, precipitating from a copper-rich, Cu-Fe solid solution, appears initially as coherent particles of r-Fe which transform to the body-centered-cubic form of iron when the alloy is cold worked. Since then there has been considerable discussion, supported only by indirect evidence, regarding the validity of the concept. For example, Reekie, Hutchison, and Hether-ington2 interpreted the changes in electrical resistance accompanying the aging of Cu-Fe specimens in terms of a coherent 7-Fe precipitate which transformed to the incoherent a-phase during long aging or cold working. Greninger- ound that Cu-Fe alloys which had been water quenched from 1050" and then held at 650°C for 3 hr changed from weakly to strongly ferromagnetic as the aged wire was subsequently cold worked. He also found diffraction lines corresponding to body-centered-cubic iron in Debye-Scherrer patterns given by aged and worked specimens but lines corresponding to only one face-centered-cubic phase in specimens which had been aged but not worked. Knoppwost,' and later Cech and Turnbull,5 found that aged Cu-Fe specimens showed a slight increase in ferromagnet-ism after they had be? cooled in liquid nitrogen. Very recently Denney6 followed the kinetics of the precipitation reaction as indicated by the saturation magnetization, hardness, and diffuse X-ray effects. The experimental results reported by all of the authors mentioned above are readily explained in terms of the Bitter and Kaufmann concept. However, most of the evidence is indirect when used to define the structural changes involved. It was the aim of the present investigation to determine the mechanism of precipitation of iron from a Cu-Fe solid solution in the light of available published information and with additional new and more direct experimental data. Experimental Method At 1060°C copper will contain up to 3 atomic pct Fe in equilibrium solid solution.7 The solvus slopes rapidly toward lower iron concentration, so that at 600°C only about 0.5 pct Fe remains in solution at equilibrium. Below the eutectoid temperature (850°C), the iron-rich phase in equilibrium with the copper-rich solid solution consists of body-centered-cubic a-Fe. Above 850 °C the equilibrium iron-rich phase is face-centered-cubic r-Fe. The alloy to be studied was made by melting electrolytic iron and OFHC copper by induction under vacuum in an Alundum-lined crucible. The metal was held molten for about 5 min, after which time the power was turned off and the crucible was tipped about 70" to promote directional solidification. The resulting ingot, containing 2.5 wt pct Fe by analysis, was clean, large grained, and free of gross segregation. Slices % in. thick were cut from the ingot, rolled to 1/8 in. in thickness, homogenized in hydrogen at 1060°C for 24 hr and, finally, quenched in cold water. Specimens for all subsequent tests were made from these slices. Squares measuring about 1 cm on a side were cut from the slices to make specimens for studying hardness and microstructure. Wires (0.020 in.) for the Debye-Scherrer survey were drawn from 1/8 in. sq rods which had been cut from the homogenized slices. Large crystals for observing diffuse X-ray diffraction effects were prepared by mechanically

Jan 1, 1958

By AIME AIME

THE program of government drilling, conducted jointly by the U. S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines, has demonstrated the presence in Texas and New Mexico of potash-bearing beds of considerable importance. Information regarding the ex- tent and location of the potash deposits as presented at the non-metallic sessions was of great interest to many engineers. These subjects will be covered in greater detail in later paragraphs. The first session, with about 50 in attendance, convened at 10 a.m. on Feb. 18, with Oliver Bowles, chair- man of the Committee on Non-Metallic Minerals, pre- siding. The first paper was on "Soapstone Mining In Virginia," presented by C. W. Ryan of Lynchburg, Va. The nature and extent of the soapstone deposits of Nelson County were described in some detail. In origin, the soapstone is undoubtedly related to a basic peridotite rock though its mode of formation is some- what uncertain. This main soapstone deposit occurs in three veins, the western, middle, and eastern, the middle vein being of greatest economic importance. Methods of stripping, quarrying and milling the rock were described and the uses of soapstone were enum- erated. In discussing this paper, C. P. Berkey, of Co- lumbia University strongly favored the theory of igneous origin of the soapstone and the need for further detailed geological study. J. L. Gillson of Cambridge, Mass., stated that the Vermont and New York talc deposits were always associated with characteristic minerals, such as, a chlorite of one particular variety, siderite, amphibole, magnetite, and biotite. C. H. Behre of Cincinnati, Ohio, raised the question of parallelism in the soapstone structure and Mr. Ryan stated that such parallelism was in evidence in some parts of the deposits. H. A. Wheeler of St. Louis, Mo., also took 'part in the discussion.

Jan 1, 1929

By Paul C. Ragland, P. Geoffrey Feiss

The Piedmont province of the southern Appalachians is the focus of interest for many exploration geologists. In the past, only those deposits with significant surface exposure were exploited. Thus, few deposits have been found and relatively little exploration has been conducted in recent years. Modern geochemical and geophysical techniques can alleviate this problem of concentrating on exposed ore bodies by allowing us to "look through" the soil and saprolite to detect the presence of significant mineralization at depth. This paper will attempt to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of several geochemical exploration techniques in the Piedmont province of Cabarrus and Stanly counties, N.C. The area chosen for study is shown in [Fig. 1], lying almost wholly within the Mt. Pleasant quadrangle, N.C. The area is on the eastern boundary between the Charlotte belt, a zone of plutonic and intermediate grade metamorphic rocks, and the Carolina Slate belt, a series of complexly interbedded volcanic and sedimentary rocks of predominantly low metamorphic grade. The area is considered to be an early Paleozoic active, continental margin. l As is typical of most of the piedmont, outcrop is sparse. [Figure 2] is a sketch map of the general geology of the area under study, showing the Charlotte belt rocks in the northwestern quadrant and slate belt rocks to the east. Within the area are a number of old mines and prospects, the most famous of which are the Furniss and Phoenix mines in Cabarrus County. All are reported to have contained Au and Cu. Ag and Pb were reported from some. A summary of the deposits is given in [Table 1]. Data used in this study are from three Master's theses completed at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hi11. 3, 5, 6 In separate studies, well waters, 5 B-zone soils,3 and vein and float from the area were sampled and analyzed. Each study concluded separately that geochemical anomalies in the vicinity of the ores justify use of that specific sampling technique in a geochemical exploration program. However, no comparative study of the methods has been made. It is our intention

Jan 1, 1980

By Allan J. Clark

It may be said that the history of gold in the Black Hills begins with one of South Dakota's most. interesting relics, the so-called Thoen Stone, now in the Adams Memorial Hall at Deadwood. This slab of reddish sandstone, about 14 in. square, was found in by Louis and Ivan Thoen, at the base of Lookout Mountain, near Spearfish, a town in the northern foothills of the Black Hills uplift. Both sides of the stone bear clearly legible inscriptions. One side reads: Came to these hills in 1833. Seven of us, De Lacompt, Ezra Kind, G. W. Wood, T. Brown, R. Kent, Wm. King, Indian Crow. All ded but me, Ezra Kind. Killed by Indians beyond the high hills. Got our gold June 1834. On the reverse side: Got all the gold we could carry. Our ponys all got by the Indians. I hav lost iny gun and nothing to eat, and Indians hunting me. Attempts were made to trace these men. Relatives of Brown were found in Missouri, and it was learned that he had left for the West in 1832, with one Kent. Kind's relatives were also found, and stated that he had started West the same year. None of them had been heard from since their departure. So Kind failed to get out with "all the gold we could carry"; 15 years later California became the center of the first great gold rush, and the Hills waited 40 years for their gold to be rediscovered. It is interesting to speculate on what might have been "the course of Empire" had this little group won through. The history of Dakota, of Montana, indeed, of all the Northwest, might have been very different. When, late in 1875, the goldseekers arrived, they passed quickly northward from the first discovery near Custer, and soon were established on Deadwood Creek, along which, as well as for short distances above the mouths of its tributary streams, Blacktail and Bobtail, placer operations went forward vigorously. These placers were near the northern outcrop of the Homestake ore-body. Their gold was partly derived from this, perhaps in greater quantity from the erosion of the conglomerate or cement deposits, of Potsdam time, themselves a "fossil placer" or beach deposit formed by

Jan 1, 1935

By C. A. Stickels, C. M. Yen

Secondary recrystallization was investigated in vacuum-melted electrolytic iron to which 70 pm N was vacuum-meltedadded. The secondary texture is "near {554}<225>" for material cold-rolled 75 to 90 pct, the sharpness of the texture increasing with increased rolling reduction and with decreased annealing temperature. At reductions of 95 and 97.5 pct the secondary texture is &apos;"near {322)(296)". Both secondary orientations also exist as major components of the primary re-crystallization texture. Development of a strong "near {554) (225)" secondary texture appears to depend on the evolution of the Primary texture to a transition texture depleted in orientations near the secondary orientation before the onset of secondary growth. A variety of qualitative experinzents have been used to show that nitrogen is important in limiling primary grain growth. The presence of nitrogen does not seem essential for the establishment of a transition texture, but a loss of nitrogen during annealing may facilitate growth of grains in the secondary orientation. Secondary grains we shown to form initially at the specimen surface. This is not thought to indicate that surface energies are important in the growth process. It is proposed that the quasi-two-dimensional character of surface grains permits discontinuous growth parallel to the surface before secondary growth of interior grains is possible. An earlier study of recrystallization textures in 90 pct cold-rolled electrolytic iron showed that secondary recrystallization occurred after annealing for several days at 700C1 This type of secondary recrystallization, which had not been reported previously, results in the formation of a strong texture, best described by the indices "near {554}(225)". The purpose of the present work was to investigate the effect of various processing variables on secondary recrystallization in this material and determine the mechanism of secondary grain growth. LITERATURE REVIEW An understanding of the mechanism of a secondary recrystallization process depends on knowing: 1) how grains in the secondary orientation come to be in the primary recrystallization texture; 2) why normal grain growth does not occur; and 3) what factors determine the strength of the secondary texture. For secondary growth of grains of a particular orientation, a certain minimum fraction of the grains must be in that orientation after primary recrystallization. This requirement is apparently satisfied "naturally" in certain systems, i.e., when the primary texture obtained by rolling and recrystallizing material initially randomly oriented contains a sufficient fraction of primaries in the secondary orientation. However, in other cases, e.g., {110}<001> and {100}<001> secondary growth in silicon iron,2 it is necessary to enhance the fraction of primary grains in the secondary orientation by rolling and recrystallizing textured material. In the present case, the "near {554}<225>" orientation is contained within the spread of orientations found in the primary recrystallization texture of iron or bbc iron-base alloys. In systems where the main driving force for secondary growth is the reduction in total grain boundary energy, secondary growth is observed only when normal grain growth is minimized. Four ways in which normal grain growth can be limited are: 1) Limitation by a strong primary texture. When a very strong primary texture consisting of a single component or twin-related components develop, most primary grains are separated from one another by relatively immobile small-angle grain boundaries. The classic instance of this is secondary growth into the primary cube texture in some fcc metals. 2) Limitation by precipitates. Precipitates present in the proper volume fraction with a suitable dispersion will limit primary grain growth. The role of MnS inclusions in impeding normal grain growth in Si-Fe is well-documented.5 3) Limitation by sheet thickness. Normal grain growth slows drastically when the mean grain diameter is of the same order as the sheet thickness. This effect has been used to obtain secondary recrystallization in thin sheets of high-purity silicon iron.&apos; 4) Limitation by solute impurities. It is well-established that certain impurity elements in solution can have a large effect on grain boundary mobility.&apos; However, there does not seem to be any secondary recrystallization process in which primary grain size stabilization has been shown to be due to the drag exerted on grain boundaries by dissolved impurities. In certain systems, e.g., secondary recrystallization in silver,&apos; the means by which normal grain growth is limited has not been identified, and solute-impurity limitation might be suspected. In order to understand the factors which determine secondary texture strength in three-dimensional growth, it is necessary to examine in more detail the current picture of general secondary recrystallization processes. Following Cahn,9 it is assumed that the primary grains have a range of sizes and that secondary growth of one of the large grains in this distribution is possible when it exceeds a critical size with respect to its neighboring grains. The critical size depends on the ratio ?S/?p, where ?s is some sort of average grain boundary energy between the potential secondary and the primary grains and ?p is some sort of average grain boundary energy between primary grains. For a constant primary grain size, the critical size for secondary growth increases as ?$/?p increases. May and Turnbull5 have incorporated the

Jan 1, 1969

By David J. Mack, T. V. Philip

The effects on the Cu-A1 eutectoid transformation of the addition of a third element from the second long period and from Group IIB of the periodic table, were studied by isothermal transfomation techniques. The valency of the third element shows the most pronounced effect on the eutectoid decomposition. With some exceptions, the atomic size factor of the third element shows some consistent effects on pearlite nucleation and growth. The atomic concentration or the electronegative valency of the third element shows wo consistent effect on the eutectoid decomposition. Addition of the third element helps spheroidization of pearlite. SINCE the pioneering work of Davenport and Bainl on the eutectoid decomposition in steel by the isothermal transformation technique, an enormous amount of data has been accumulated on the eutectoid transformation characteristics of commercial steels. While the eutectoid reaction in steel is of tremendous industrial importance, it appears to be quite unique among the eutectoid reactions. Though the metal-lographic structures developed in the Fe-C and Cu-A1 eutectoids are similar, it is now evident that the two eutectoid reactions are quite dissimilar. The eutectoid decomposition in the Cu-A1 system is more complicated partly due to the appearance of transitional phases in addition to the equilibrium phases. * The first isothermal studies of aluminum bronzes were made by Smith and Lindlief2 and later by Mack,3 Klier, and Grymko,4 and recently Hayne 5,6 A few other systems, structurally analogous to the above, have been studied by the same technique.7-10 Kasberg and Mack1&apos; studied the effects of iron on the transformation of commercial aluminum bronze. The effects of manganese and nickel on this aluminum bronze and those of iron, manganese, and nickel on the binary Cu-A1 eutectoid have been recently studied.12 The object of the present investigation was to study, by isothermal transformation techniques, the effects (with respect to the fundamental factors of alloy formation) of the addition of a third element on the transformation of a Cu-Al eutectoid alloy, 11.8 pct Al. The third elements chosen for the purpose were silver, cadmium, indium, tin, and antimony from the second long period, and beryllium, zinc, and cadmium from group 11B of the periodic table. They were added in nominal amounts of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 pct by weight to a eutectoid Cu-A1 alloy. These third elements were expected to show the effects of electron valency, atomic size factor, and electronegative valency effects on the binary eutectoid transformation. PFLEPARATION OF ALLOYS AND PROCEDURE All alloys were made as 400-g heats by induction melting in a graphite crucible with a graphite lid. The molten alloy with a layer of graphite powder on top was stirred at regular intervals by a graphite rod. When the melt was judged to have acquired sufficient superheat, a pinch of common salt was sprinkled on top and any crust scraped off to one side. It was then chill cast into a 5/8 in. rod. The alloys with silver were prepared by remelt-ing the high-purity Cu-A1 eutectoid alloy used by Mack3 with high-purity silver (99.99 pct pure from Hardy and Harmon, Inc.). In the preparation of all the other alloys, polished electrolytic copper shot (from Belmont Smelting and Refining Co.) and high-purity aluminum (99.99 pct pure from Aluminum Co. of America) were used.

Jan 1, 1962

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886 THOMAS EGLESTON 1887 WILLIAM B POTTER 1888 RICHARD PEARCE 1889 ADAM S HEWITT 1890 JOHN BIRKINBINE 1891-1892 H M HOWE 1893

Jan 1, 1923

Discussion of the paper of EZEQUIEL ORDOÑEZ, presented at the Pittsburgh meeting, October, 19.14, and printed in Bulletin No. 94, October, 1914, pp. 2531 to 2536. DAVID T. DAY, Washington, D. C.-Dr. Ordoñez is really the pioneer in the study of the occurrence of Mexican oil. His studies came at such an early time as to prove really prophetic. He was successful in pointing out the relationship of these oil deposits to the volcanic teeth which are so very characteristic as a geological feature in the coastal plain of Mexico. At that time only the first wells around Ebano had been drilled, and drilled under the direction of Dr. Ordoñez himself. Only these Ebano wells were available for a real study of the condition of the occurrence of oil, the other large gushers not then being known. From that time on, the study of the geology of the country has, in large measure, been able to keep up with the oil development. As usual, a great deal of haphazard work in the exploration of the oil fields has been carried on. The results have been good, bad, and indifferent. We know a great deal more about the distribution of oil in Mexico than we do about the geology of it. Two ideas have become prevalent in regard to the Mexican oil, due to the peculiar development there: (1) That oil is omnipresent over a tremendous area bounded by De Soto La Marina, in the province of Tamaulipas, on the north, to south of Tuxpam in Veracruz; and (2) that there are very few spots in all this region which have rich gushers. The truth is somewhere between the two. The amount of land taken up, chiefly by three or four large companies, is extremely great, and covers all the possible chances. The idea that oil is going to be discovered in a large percentage of the land taken up by the oil companies, seems to me entirely unjustified. The amount of oil that will be produced from comparatively small spots here and there over that territory and other territory, undoubtedly will be very great. I do not think there is any hope of multiplying the capacity of these large gushers by the area of that part of Mexico in which they are contained, as a, large number of promoters are inclined to do.

Jan 4, 1915

PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR EUGENE MCAULIFFE OMAHA, NEBR. PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS HERBERT G. MOULTON NEW YORK, N. Y. JOHN R. SUMAN HOUSTON, TEXAS TREASURER AND DIRECTOR H. T. HAMILTON NEW YORK, N. Y. VICE PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS ERLE V. DAVELER NEW YORK, N. Y. W. M. PEIRCE PALMERTON, PA. PAUL D. MERICA NEW YORK. N. Y. LEROY SALSICH DULUTH, MINN. CHESTER A. FULTON NEW YORK, N. Y. L. E. YOUNG PITTSBURGH, PA.

Jan 1, 1942

By James Bowron

CONSIDERING the importance of the steel trade and the strategic position occupied in it by the Birmingham District, it may be surprising to many to realize that even the first pig iron smelted with coke was made in Alabama on Feb. 28, 1876, although merchant pig iron had been produced in Rockwood, Tenn., in 1867, a plant which is still in active operation. The heavy deposit of Clinton ore extending from Pennsylvania into Alabama, varying greatly in accessibility on account of geological changes such as erosion or anticlinal upthrow, varies equally as much in thickness and in quality. The brown ores extensively scattered through the South also vary materially in quality, some being relatively low in phosphorus and high in manganese, and vice versa. The red ore varies materially in phosphorus, but the iron produced from these ores was always considered to be too high in phosphorus for treatment by acid Bessemer or open hearth and did not contain sufficient for the basic Bessemer process. Under these conditions there remained only the basic open hearth as a possibility, and for many years it appeared impossible to use it, because, with coke smelted iron, the silicon was too high to permit its use in basic lined furnaces.

Jan 1, 1924

By Joe B. Alford

Jan 1, 1971

By Eugene McAuliffe

It is not possible to include in this paper, limited as it is in scope, the many diverse steps toward the reduction of mine accidents that are taken in the mines that produce the nation&apos;s coal. Every coal-producing state has enacted laws covering proper mining practices, and the major portion of these are directly related to the safety of the mine employees. The United States Bureau of Mines, the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, The American Mining Congress, a number of national, regional and state organizations, as well as the coal technical press, have covered time and time again all of the &apos;(do" and "don&apos;t" phases of mine operation that bear on the important question of mine and employee safety. Within the past 15 years The Union Pacific Coal Co, has attempted to put into practice in its mines in southern Wyoming these many good recommendations, finding some value in all, and yet, to secure substantial results, the management found it necessary to resort in the end to what might be referred to as i&apos;extra-territorial" methods. It is the writer&apos;s purpose to show in this paper that marked and even extraordinary betterment, can be brought about when employer and employee work together with due sincerity. In presenting our own experience, one that has been duplicated in so far as results are concerned on numerous other properties, no theory of perfection of management exists; on the other hand, our organization feels that as long as our record of accidents remains as shown by even our latest and best performance we still have far to go. Safety work in some form has been carried on in and about the mining properties of The Union Pacific Coal Co. since the first mine was opened at the now long-abandoned town of Carbon, Wyo., in 1868. On June 30, 1903, an explosion and subsequent mine fire occurred in mine No. 1 at Hanna, taking 169 lives, and a second explosion occurred in the same mine on March 28, 1908, in which 59 additional lives were lost. Looking back with impartiality on the causes leading up to these two unfortunate disasters, we can only conclude that shooting from the solid, the absence of adequate ventilation, rock dusting, the use of water at the face to allay

Jan 1, 1938

By Eugene McAuliffe

It is not possible to include in this paper, limited as it is in scope, the many diverse steps toward the reduction of mine accidents that are taken in the mines that produce the nation&apos;s coal. Every coal-producing state has enacted laws covering proper mining practices, and the major portion of these are directly related to the safety of the mine employees. The United States Bureau of Mines, the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, The American Mining Congress, a number of national, regional and state organizations, as well as the coal technical press, have covered time and time again all of the &apos;(do" and "don&apos;t" phases of mine operation that bear on the important question of mine and employee safety. Within the past 15 years The Union Pacific Coal Co, has attempted to put into practice in its mines in southern Wyoming these many good recommendations, finding some value in all, and yet, to secure substantial results, the management found it necessary to resort in the end to what might be referred to as i&apos;extra-territorial" methods. It is the writer&apos;s purpose to show in this paper that marked and even extraordinary betterment, can be brought about when employer and employee work together with due sincerity. In presenting our own experience, one that has been duplicated in so far as results are concerned on numerous other properties, no theory of perfection of management exists; on the other hand, our organization feels that as long as our record of accidents remains as shown by even our latest and best performance we still have far to go. Safety work in some form has been carried on in and about the mining properties of The Union Pacific Coal Co. since the first mine was opened at the now long-abandoned town of Carbon, Wyo., in 1868. On June 30, 1903, an explosion and subsequent mine fire occurred in mine No. 1 at Hanna, taking 169 lives, and a second explosion occurred in the same mine on March 28, 1908, in which 59 additional lives were lost. Looking back with impartiality on the causes leading up to these two unfortunate disasters, we can only conclude that shooting from the solid, the absence of adequate ventilation, rock dusting, the use of water at the face to allay

Jan 1, 1938

[Admissions: H. J. Gruy, Chairman Kenneth W. Robbins W. Frank West Aurel E. Smith R. F. Madera Tom G. Calhoun Kenneth F. Anderson B. M. Goltlieb Advertising: Clark R. Edgecomb, Chairman Bernard F. Klein. Henry N. Lyle R. E. Howard H. M. Krause, Jr. Education: R. L. Whiting, Chairman John M. -Campbell E. T. Guerrero Don D. Little J. C. McCarthy Frank G. Miller Douglas Ragland H. C. Slider R. L. Slobod]

Jan 1, 1961