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By E. W. Henderson

Development work in the state of Utah in 1935 consisted of additional work done on wildcat tests started in previous years and on a number of new wildcat tests started during the year. No effort was made to extend areas or to discover deeper productive horizons in proven fields. Principal areas of development were in Daggett County, northeastern Utah; Grand and Emery counties, east-central Utah; and in Washington County, southwestern Utah. Daggett County Clay Basin.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. deepened Murphy No. 2, sec. 21, T.3N., R.24E., from 6030 to 6790 ft. for a test of the Sundance formation. Two sandstone members at 6520 to 6644 ft. and 6737 to 6790 ft. contained water. The hole was plugged back to 5860 ft. and left as a future gas supply for the Salt Lake City-Ogden pipe line. The failure of the Sundance formation to produce in this test, in view of the recent Sundance discoveries in Colorado arid Wyoming, was disappointing Emery County Last Chance.—-Thc wildcat test of the Rainsey Petroleum Corporn-tion, Well No. 1-X, sec. 18, T.26S., R.7E., completed plugging back from total depth of 3168 ft. to 2771 ft. and was shut in as a gas well. A gas sand at 2724 to 2771 ft. produced approximately 21 million cubic fert. A deep test of the structure will be started upon approval of a wit plan of development. Grand County Cisco.—-The wildcat test of the Utah Southern Oil Co., sec. 33, T.22S., R.22E., of which the total depth was 1720 ft. on Dec. 31, 1935, is the most interesting operation ill the state. Location of the test was deter-

Jan 1, 1936

By E. W. Henderson

Development work in the state of Utah in 1935 consisted of additional work done on wildcat tests started in previous years and on a number of new wildcat tests started during the year. No effort was made to extend areas or to discover deeper productive horizons in proven fields. Principal areas of development were in Daggett County, northeastern Utah; Grand and Emery counties, east-central Utah; and in Washington County, southwestern Utah. Daggett County Clay Basin.—The Mountain Fuel Supply Co. deepened Murphy No. 2, sec. 21, T.3N., R.24E., from 6030 to 6790 ft. for a test of the Sundance formation. Two sandstone members at 6520 to 6644 ft. and 6737 to 6790 ft. contained water. The hole was plugged back to 5860 ft. and left as a future gas supply for the Salt Lake City-Ogden pipe line. The failure of the Sundance formation to produce in this test, in view of the recent Sundance discoveries in Colorado arid Wyoming, was disappointing Emery County Last Chance.—-Thc wildcat test of the Rainsey Petroleum Corporn-tion, Well No. 1-X, sec. 18, T.26S., R.7E., completed plugging back from total depth of 3168 ft. to 2771 ft. and was shut in as a gas well. A gas sand at 2724 to 2771 ft. produced approximately 21 million cubic fert. A deep test of the structure will be started upon approval of a wit plan of development. Grand County Cisco.—-The wildcat test of the Utah Southern Oil Co., sec. 33, T.22S., R.22E., of which the total depth was 1720 ft. on Dec. 31, 1935, is the most interesting operation ill the state. Location of the test was deter-

Jan 1, 1936

By Charles Catlett

While the occurrence of phosphorus in coking-coal has assumed less importance with the development of the opeu-hearth method of steel-making, it may not be without interest to note the form in which phosphorus exists in one particular coal-seam. In the examination of what is known as the Big seam, which outcrops a few miles west of Columbiana, Ala., my attention was called to the distribution through the coal, in the form of minute veins and particles, of a resinous-looking substance. A small amount of this was selected, and was provisionally identified as evansite (Al6 Y2 O14, 18 Aq). Subsequently, through the courtesy of Dr. J. Sharshall Grasty, of the Geological Department of the University of Virginia, I was able to secure an additional amount of material, which was purified down to about 0.3 g. This was examined by Prof. John J. Porter, of the University of Cincinnati, and gave the following partial analysis: Per Cent. Loss on ignition,......... 37.43 Phosphoric anhydride,..10.33 Alumina,..........36.33 There was also a trace of silica, and quite a considerable quantity of lime and magnesia. Professor Porter was led to think that the material was not pure, but a mixture of several of the phosphates of aluminum carrying lime and magnesia. The material available did not permit of the convenient determination of the other ingredients. One form in which phosphorus occurs in coal is evidently as a hydrated phosphate of aluminum; and any coal which shows to the eye the occurrence of a light-colored resinous-looking material should be looked on with suspicion as being high in phosphorus.

Jan 1, 1912

By R. G. Jones, W. L. Kinney, R. E. Schilson, R. S. Wilson, G. A. Clark, H. Suralo

This paper discusses the results of the Fry conventional or cocurrent in situ combustion test, which was conduct-ed in a 3.3-acre inverted five-spot. The depth of the formation was between 880 and 936 ft; the oil had a specific gravity of 28.6° APl and a viscosity of about 40 cp at the reservoir temperature of 65°F. Preceding the combustion test, air injection tests were conducted which, in conjunction with geological studies, were used to evaluate the characteristics of the reservoir. Combustion was initiated on Oct. 13, 1961, with ignition being accomplished by a 40 kw electrical heater. The test phase of the project ended on Oct. 1, 1963. During the test, the average air injection rate was 1,520.-000 scf/D. Throughout the test, production of all fluids— gas, oil, and water—was monitored. Cumulative oil production credited to the project was 100,586 bbl. The cumulative air-oil ratio was 11,500 scf/bbl oil, and the oxygen uti1ization efficiency was 87 per cent. INTRODUCTION The Marathon Oil Co. conducted a successful in situ combustion test, beginning Aug. 22, 1961, at the Fry unit, Crawford County, 111. The purpose of the project was to test the feasibility of cocurrent in situ combustion as a means of oil recovery in the Fry type reservoir. Interest in in situ combulstion as an oil recovery tool has been stimulated mostly by the existence of large reserves of heavy viscous crudes with low expected recovery, usually less than 10 per cent. These are the so-called unrecoverable reserves, and most combustion tests to date have been conducted in this type of reservoir.1-4 In contrast, the Fry combustion test was conducted in a reservoir with a relatively high gravity oil having a relatively low viscosity. This paper discusses the performance of the test. The geology of the reservoir and the field operations are discussed in separate papers.5 TEST SITE The Fry combustion test was carried out in a 3.3-acre inverted five-spot portion of a lenticular body of Robinson sandstone. Net sand was 50 ft thick, porosity averaged 19.7 per cent, oil saturation was 68 per cent of pore volume, and water saturation was 20 per cent of pore volume. The oil in place was estimated at 1,040 bbl/acre-foot, or 171,600 bbl within the 3.3-acre pattern. The water in place was 326 bbl/acre-foot, or 53,800 bbl. The oil has a specific gravity of 28.7° API and a viscosity of 40 cp at the reservoir temperature of 65°F. AIR INJECTION PERFORMANCE Air injection took place in two phases, the phases separated by ignition of the reservoir. In the pre-ignition phase, air injection tests were conducted in the summers of 1960 and 1961. These indicated that the Fry reservoir was confined, and a high return rate of injected air could be expected. This proved to be an outstanding characteristic of the project, as cumulative gas production was 95.3 per cent of the air injected. The difference between the cumulative air injected and the total gas produced can be largely accounted for by the quantity of air stored in the reservoir. An estimated 16 X 10 cf of air remained in the burned-out portion of the reservoir and an indeterminate amount of gas was stored in the unburned but pressurized reservoir. Hence, a complete material balance of gases would account for nearly 100 per cent of the air injected. At times during the test, the daily gas production rate was 98 per cent of the daily air injection rate. Fig. 1 presents the air injection history of the Fry com-

Jan 1, 1966

By E. V. Kleber, V. F. Novy, R. C. Vickery

The constitutional diagram has been determined for the system gadolinium-nickel. Nine intermetallic compounds have been found at compositions corresponding to the following gadolinium-nickel ratios: 3:1, 3:2, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:7, 1:4, 1:5, 2:17. The GdNi and GdNi5 compounds have congruent melting points of 1300' and 1500°C, respectively while the remaining compounds melt in-congruently. Eutectics exist at 15 wt pct Ni, 31 1/2 wt pct Ni and 87 wt pct Ni with melting points of 6703 8803 and 1220°C, respectively. IN a continuing investigation of the properties of rare earth alloys, a study has been made of the gadolinium-nickel system. Previous work encompassed the iron containing alloys and a subsequent paper will deal with the constitution of the gadolinium-cobalt system. Vogel,1 examined alloys of nickel with lanthanum and cerium. R3Ni, RNi, RNi2, RNi3, RNi4, and RNi5 compounds were found. Endter and Klemm,2 Fulling et al.3 Heumann,4 and Nowotny5 found the 1:2 compositions of this series to exist in a C-15 (face-centered cubic) structure, and the 1:5 compositions in a hexagonal system. Jepson and Duwez6 more recently examined these 1:2 and 1:5 compositions and generally confirmed earlier data while Wernick and Geller7 most recently have given additional data on the GdNi5 compound. Comparisons with our results will be made in the appropriate section of this report. EXPERIMENTAL Methods of alloy preparation, annealing procedures, and experimental techniques have been given in our earlier paper.8 Chemical analyses of the alloy samples were made by dissolving the specimen in nitric acid, precipitating the gadolinium as hydroxide and the nickel with dimethylglyoxime. Both precipitates were ignited to oxide and weighed. RESULTS Microstructure— Metallography of alloy specimens in this series has been conducted on both arc-melted and annealed materials. Etchants used have been 5 pct nital with approximately 10 pct distilled water added, for high gadolinium samples; Carapella's ferric chloride solution for intermediate compositions; and Marble's (copper sulfate) reagent for high nickel content alloys. Because of difficulties encountered in the grinding and polishing of specimens containing 40 to 75 wt pct Ni, no photomicrographs were made of such specimens. The microstructure of an arc-melted 5.3 wt pct Ni alloy is shown in Fig. 1. Light etching primary grains of gadolinium are embedded in an eutectic matrix. The microstructure of an alloy of 9.55 wt pct Ni alloy, Fig. 2, annealed 50 hr at 700°C, consists almost entirely of the intermetallic compound Gd3Ni. The structure of an arc metal alloy of approximately 19 pct Ni, Fig. 3, consists of grains of the compound GdNi embedded in the Gd3Ni2-Gd3Ni eutectic. The arc-cast structure of the 38.7 wt pct Ni alloy is shown in Fig. 4. Large primary grains of a compound rest in a matrix structure of coarse GdNi-GdNiz eutectic. Because of the occurrence of several peritectic compounds in the central region of the diagram, identification of the primary structure in this alloy is not certain. As has been indicated above, microstructures of alloy specimens containing between ca 40 and 75 wt pct Ni have not been photographed. These specimens were highly brittle, and macro- and micro-cracking were impossible to control in the grinding and polishing procedures. Prolonged annealing did not alleviate this condition. Visual observations in small specimens did, however, provide evidence for a multiplicity of phases and peritectic dissociations of compounds although rationalization of structures was not possible.

Jan 1, 1962

ALABAMA Altoona.-Cain, J. America.-Foreman, J. T. Anniston.-Cowie, L. K. Foster, R. N. Ashland.-Sturdevant, J C Bessemer.-Ball, E. M. McKenzie, W. C., Jr Birmingham.-Abbott, C. E. Aldrich, T. H. Aldrich, T. H, Jr. Ashton, J J. Ball, T. L. Blair, C. S. Brown, T S. Bush, M. W.

Jan 1, 1923

By R. F. Hehemann, S. T. Zegler

The w phase in zirconium alloys containing more than G pct Nb can form in a difjUsionless manner during quenching or with composition change during aging at temperatures below 550°C. The latter treatment establishes a metastable equilibrium between an w phase containing 5 pct Nb and a ß phase containing 45 pct Nb. The superconducting transition temperat~ire of quenched Z?-10 pct Nb and Zr-15 pct Nb alloys is increased by aging at 375°C and both alloys exhibit the same Tc after prolonged aging. The superconducting transition both in the quenched and in the aged alloys is relatively sharp (occurring ovev a temperature range of <0.5°K), and is interpreted in terms of the microstructure that characterizes the ß-w) mixture and proximity effects postulated for thin-film superconductors. At elevated temperatures alloys of the transition elements from groups 4 to 6 in the periodic table exhibit wide ranges of mutual solubility in the bcc structure. Except for compositions that are high in a group 4 element? the bcc structure can be retained at room temperature by quenching and several systematic studies of the influence of composition on superconductivity in bcc alloys have been reported.&apos;&apos;2 The high-temperature bcc form (ß) of the group 4 elements—titanium, zirconium, hafnium—is not retained upon quenching but instead transforms marten-sitically to the hcp structure (a). The Ms temperature can be lowered by alloying the group 4 metals with a solute from a higher group and with a critical amount of solute the martensitic transformation can be suppressed. The 3 phase, however, is not retained without modification. Rather, a metastable phase, w (in particular in titanium- and zirconium-base alloys), occurs over a fairly wide range of compositions above that required for suppression of the martensitic transformation.3,4 As in the formation of a, the transformation of ß to w occurs in a diffusionless manner during quenching and the temperature for its initiation (ws) is lowered by increasing solute content. The ws temperature can be well below room temperature and reversibility of the transformation allows w that forms on cooling to low temperatures to disappear again when the sample is returned to room temperature.5 In Zr-Nb alloys the w phase can also be formed during aging at temperatures below 550°c.5 In this treatment, a metastable equilibrium is established between a niobium-rich ß phase and a zirconium-rich w phase. The present study of Zr-Nb alloys was undertaken to examine the influence of microstructure: as controlled by composition and heat treatment, on the superconducting transition temperature, Tc. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE The alloys were prepared from zirconium crystal bar that was spectrochemically pure except for 30 ppm of Al, 40 ppm of Cu, 100 ppm of Fe, and 1 ppm of each B and Pb. The niobium used was 99.5+ pct pure containing according to the suppliers&apos; (Stauffer Chemical Co.) analysis a maximum of 50 ppmO, 60 ppm of N, 30 ppm of C, 5 ppm of H, 200 ppm of Ta, 50 ppm of Mo, and 15 ppm each of Fe, Co, and Ni. The alloys were prepared in the form of buttons weighing approximately 4 g by arc melting on a water-cooled copper hearth in an inert-gas atmosphere. All alloys were heat-treated in the ß-phase region for 3 days at 1000°C and water-quenched. For heat treatment, the specimens, 0.5 cm in diam by 1.0 cm long, were wrapped in zirconium foil and sealed in an inert-gas atmosphere inside quartz capsules. Quenching was done by breaking the capsules under water. Subsequent aging treatments of Zr-10 pct Nb and Zr-15 pct Nb alloys were done by placing the specimens in a lead bath at 375°C and quenching in chilled brine. The phases present in the quenched and aged alloys were identified by optical and X-ray metallography. X-ray powder patterns were taken at room temperature with a 114.6-mm-diam Debye-Scherrer camera and CuK-a radiation. Superconducting transition temperatures were determined from magnetic-permeability measurements6 in a 10 oe field. The superconducting transition temperature was determined from a plot of galvanometric deflection as a function of temperature by extrapolation of the linear portion of the curve to zero deflection. In Figs. 1 and 3 the arrows indicate the temperature range of the transitions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Superconductivity in Quenched Alloys. In Fig. 1 Tc for alloys quenched from 1000°C is plotted against nominal composition. Indicated also in Fig. 1 are results of metallographic studies. Alloys containing less than 5 pct Nb transform martensitically to a during quenching from 1000°C and Fig. 1 demonstrates that Tc increases significantly as the niobium concentration in a is increased. On the basis of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schreiffer theory of superconductivity7 it seems most likely that this increase in Tc results from an increase in the density of electronic states as zirconium is alloyed with niobium. This increased density of states has been revealed clearly in low-temperature specific-heat measurements.8 The martensitic transformation to a is suppressed when the alloy content exceeds 5 pct Nb. In the range from approximately 6 to 30 pct Nb, quenched alloys consist of a mixture of B and w phases and the amount

Jan 1, 1967

By George Bell

THE mine and milling plant of Demonstration Gold Mines, Ltd., is near the city limits of Baguio, Mt. Province, P. I. The mine road connects with the main highway to Manila. The nearest railway point is near sea level, approximately 40 miles distant. The Baguio district is very mountainous and has one of the heaviest rainfalls in the world. It is therefore difficult to maintain roads or to impound tailings and mine dumps. All supplies are trucked into the district direct from Manila or the nearest railway point, which means uncertain deliveries and high freight rates. Installation of equipment is difficult and costly. The average elevation at the mine is 4000 ft. and the climatic condi-tions.are ideal except for a three months rainy season. The company generates its own power for mining and milling opera-tions with three 400-hp. Ruston Diesel engines direct connected to 250-kw. General Electric alternating current generators. Labor conditions have been excellent, although at present social security laws are causing some unrest. Labor receives a higher average wage rate in this district than other labor in the Islands. The com-pany also furnishes free living quarters, hospitalization and work-men&apos;s compensation. Taxation has been reasonable up to the present time, but some of the new mining legislation may make it difficult to operate and pay dividends. The future depends largely upon the continuation of $35 gold and the political outcome in the Islands.

Jan 1, 1939

By Aureal T. Cross

THIS paper is a review of the published literature on research in coal geology, principally exclusive of resource studies, which appeared or became available during 1950 and the latter part of 1949. This report is not to be construed as being complete. The papers referred to in the bibliography are those among many more, which were read either in full or in abstract. Undoubtedly other papers were published&apos; which either escaped the author&apos;s notice or were not available to him. Those which were seen in abstract only (about one fourth of those listed) were not available in time for the inclusion of more than a notice. An outline of all papers listed in the bibliography has been arranged by subjects and reasonable subdivisions with some papers cited under more than one subject. Most papers are indexed according to the principal subject of discussion or research only as to an unusual or noteworthy section of the entire report. There will likely be some disagreement as to the quality or merit of some of the papers selected and the specialist may be supercritical of the outline or organization of papers in his field. It may be that attention has occasionally been drawn to papers reporting old information or conclusions of questionable value. Conferences and Meetings One of the best indications of the growing interest in coal geology problems in the United States is the increasing number of times this- field has been the focus of attention at conferences and meetings. Notable among these are the joint meeting of the Society of Economic Geologists and the Geological Society of America at El Paso, November 1949, at which the principal thesis was concerned with low rank carbonaceous fuel deposits, especially of western United States. Among the papers given which are already available were those presented by Barghoorn,16 Parry,180 Roe,153 and Parks.162 At the annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America in New York, December 1949, a joint meeting of the Paleobotanical and Microbiological Sections was held for which a symposium on Microbiology in Relation to the Geologic Accumulation of Organic Complexes was &apos;organized. Publication of the six papers presented by Ralph G. H. Siu, Elso S. Barghoorn, Irving Breger, Claude E. ZoBell, James M. Schopf, and A. C. Thayson is anticipated. At the regular meetings of the Paleobotanical Section at the same time, several other papers of interest reported on coal ball studies, partial coalification of petrified wood, and floras. In Chicago, April 1950, a symposium on Applied Paleobotany was held by the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists in conjunction with the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. The five papers presented at this meeting dealt with the use of Paleozoic plant microfossils for stratigraphic work, J: M. Schopf, Devonian-Mississippian fossils of the black shales, Aureal T. Cross, Mesozoic plants of stratigraphic value, Th. Just, plant microfossils of the Tertiary, L. R. Wilson, and studies of the Brandon lignite, Elso S. Barghoorn. Early publication of these in the Journal of Paleontology is expected. The Nova Scotia Research Foundation and the Nova Scotia Dept. of Mines sponsored an excellent 3-day conference in June 1950, which, dealt with several aspects of coal geology. Papers on coal classification, P. A. Hacquenbard, structure and sedimentation problems in Nova Scotia, T. B. Haites, new techniques of thermal analysis, W. L. Whitehead, geochemical investigations of Nova Scotia coals, Irving Breger, the role of fossil plant spores in coal correlation and the stratigraphy of the coal-bearing strata of the Appalachian Region, Aureal T. Cross, were given. Some discussions of these papers by those in attendance were recorded, and the entire proceedings is being prepared for publication. In September 1950, an unusual 3-day field conference was held by the Ohio and West Virginia Geological Surveys under the sponsorship of the Coal Geology Committee. This study of the stratigraphy sedimentation, and nomenclature of the Upper Pennsylvanian and Permian coal-bearing strata of southeastern Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania, and northern West Virginia .was augmented by two discussions on associated rocks (clays and shales) and stratigraphic nomenclature at Wheeling, and Morgantown, West Va. An extensive guidebook was prepared, and transcriptions of the Morgantown meeting were made. As a follow-up of the September field conference, a round-table discussion &apos;was held on this general topic at a special open meeting of the Coal Research Committee in conjunction with the November meeting of the Geological Society in Washington. Short prepared statements to invite discussion were given on each of several topics by L. M. Cline, Carl O.

Jan 1, 1952

By L. E. Porter

El Segundo field is about 14 miles southwest of the central portion of the city of Los Angeles, immediately adjacent to the town of El Segundo and the Standard Oil Company&apos;s El Segundo refinery site. The field is served and bisected by several major highways connecting the beach cities on the west side of the Los Angeles Basin. The exact location of the field and its position with respect to other producing areas is shown on the map covering this portion of the Basin (Fig. I). The Republic Petroleum Co. discovered the first commercial production in the area when it completed its El Segundo No. 1 (sec. 18, T. 3 S. R. 14 W.) at a depth of 7402 ft. on Aug. 24, 1935, flowing at the rate of about 400 bbl. per day, 28" gravity oil. The producing horizon in this well consists of about 72 ft. of conglomerate and schist conglomerate situated below the nodular shale (Miocene). The true (or solid) schist (Franciscan) was encountered and penetrated some 20 ft. in the bottom of the hole. This paper gives a report on the history of development and oil production to date, and also submits the writer&apos;s interpretation of structural conditions as determined from such development. The limited development, together with the complex and variable nature of the producing horizon, makes any interpretation of the structure at present only tentative, and any forecast for a given well extremely hazardous. History of Oil and Gas Production The El Segundo field has produced approximately 1,920,000 bbl. of oil. It has 27 producing wells and 14 drilling wells or locations. The present daily rate of production is about 13,400 bbl. The production history of the field to date is shown in Table 1. The principal companies operating or owning leases in this field are: Caminol Company, Geo. F. Getty, Inc., Ohio Oil Co., Republic Petroleum Co., Pacific Western Oil Corporation, Royalty Service Corporation, Richfield Oil Corporation, Standard Oil Company of California, The Texas Company, Union Oil Company.

Jan 1, 1938

By Persifor Frazer

General Geology of the Northern Black Hills. The " Black Hills of Dakota," to the northern part of which the following observations apply, occupy a position on either side of the boundary between Wyoming and South Dakota, approximately between 103" 15&apos; and 104" 48&apos; of west longitude and 43 15&apos; to 43" 50&apos; of north latitude. The area is roughly 4160 square miles.* (See Plate I.) As has been pointed out by Profs. H. O. Hofman, I?. R. Carpenter and others, and illustrated by Mr. Newton in the publications of the United States Geological Survey, these hills are made up of a large number of the known formations from the Archean to the Tertiary, which latter constitutes the border of the region. The mining operations are largely confined to the interior of this area, and the centers from which they are conducted (Deadwood, Lead City, Galena, etc.) are situated near the line of junction of the Archean schists and quartzite, supposed to represent the Potsdam Sandstone of the N. Y. series, or the lowest of the Paleozoic measures. The Archean or pre-Paleozoic rocks consist mainly of a mica-schist in which hornblende and garnet are frequently

Jan 1, 1898

By S. LeFevre

, The solution of the housing and sanitation problem in mining communities, keeping in view both economic and humanitarian aspects, demands the best thought of the management of such enterprises. Upon the solution depend the health and comfort of the employee and his family, and as a consequence his contentment and efficiency. The following description covcrs briefly the methods installed for Witherbee, Sherman & Co. The operation of the system has been for about two years under the direct supervision of T. A. Hammond, Land Agent, and I am indebted to him for a compilation of the results. Sanitation The sanitary service covers 238 tenements. The installation cost was about $22 per tenement, as follows: Privy, $15; privy box, $3; proportion of incinerator cost, $2; garbage can, $2. The operating cost is $1 per month for each tenement. In considering the installation of an ordinary village system of water supply and sewerage two difficulties were encountered: First, lack of a sufficient quantity of water; there is no stream large enough, as Mineville is situated very close to the divide between the Lake Champlain and Hudson River watersheds. A storage reservoir was tried, but the only location available, among glacial hills, would not hold water. Second, the expense of digging ditches for the distribution of water and sewer pipes is so great as to be prohibitive; Mineville is built chiefly in a valley covered in the bottom with drift, in this case a combination of boulders and hard pan. Digging in this material costs 80c. to $1 per cubic yard, and pipes must be placed 41/2 ft. down to be below frost. The houses are scattered along 4 miles of streets, the oldest having been built in the original forest 65 years ago. The newer houses have gone up a few at a time wherevcr a clear space could be found and the slopes were not too steep. This has advantages, as it separates the dwellings into

Jan 1, 1915

By W. C. Hardy, B. W. McArthur

The purpose of this work is to show application of laboratory data in calculating solution gas-drive performance of the Cisco K-I reservoir. Included herein is a diagram showing the graphical relationship between six variables common to all solution gas-drive mechanisms. With an iterative process one may assume existence of any of these six variables at a particular pressure and calculate the production performance likely to occur in a reservoir produced by solution gas drive. Four unique pressure values are described at which the material balance equation alone is sufficient to predict the cumulative volumes of gas produced. Information derived from these pressure points establishes a criterion for determining compatibility of the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis of the produced crude with the gas production history. Two averaging procedures are used to arrive at a relative permeability-saturation relationship which describes the field-wide performance. INTRODUCTION The Cisco K-1 reservoir is a lenticular-type sand structure lying at approximately 6,300-ft subsurface. It is located in the H. and T. C. Railroad Co. Block 97, SW 1/4 S 392 and NW 1/4 S 385, Scurry County, Tex. Correlation of data from logs indicated that the Cisco K-1 reservoir occupied approximately 3,218 acre-ft of space with a closure of from 15 to 20 ft. Analysis of the production data indicates that the initial formation pressure and temperature were 2,450 psig and 121°F, respectively. The bubble point occurred at 1,715 psig after production of 12,256 STB oil and 11,520 Mcf gas. Only traces of water have been produced since initiation of production. Successive material balance calculations from June, 1952, to June, 1957, showed that no initial gas cap or water influx has contributed to production of oil and that the Cisco K-1 reservoir originally contained approximately 1.44 X 10" STB of oil. THEORY Methods for calculating solution gas-drive perform-

By Joseph Chalmers, J. S. Desmond, R. Van A. Mills

[Because of the limited space in this volume and the fact that a description covering the oil recovery buildings and equipment (see page 4, Technical Publication No. 144) will be given in a forthcomnig U. S. Bureau of Mines publication, and because the paper was published in detail as Technical Publication No. 144, and is available as a separate at the Institute, it is impossible to include here more than the following brief extract.] Problems Being Studied The selection of the first problems to be studied was based largely upon the following very practical questions asked by several of the largest operators in the Mid-Continent field. 1. What are the causes for the formation of excessive amounts of bad thick oil on properties that are being repressured with compressed air and how can this trouble be prevented? 2. Why, in some areas, does the oxygen in the air injected into an oil sand during repressuring operations apparently change to carbon dioxide? Is carbon dioxide formed by the oxidation of some of the oil in the sand&apos;? How can the formation of inert or low B.t.u. casinghead gas, loaded with nitrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen, be prevented? 3. What percentage of the oil originally present in an oil sand can be recovered by the ordinary methods of operation when the gas originally dissolved in the oil is the main propulsive agent? 4. What percentage of the amount of oil produced by ordinary methods can be recovered under average conditions by repressuring a so-called depleted oil sand? 5. What are the relative propulsive efficiencies of compressed air and natural gas in repressuring operations? 6. What are the practical advantages of pressure maintenance and early repressuring as compared with late repressuring?

Jan 1, 1929

By C. D. Williams, C. E. Ells

The susceptibility of quenched and aged Zr-2.5 wt pct Nb alloy to embritt2ement during irradiation has been examined for a number of solution temperatures and aging times. Material quenched from temperatures approximately 40°C below the transus has high tensile ductility, and this ductility is insensitive to aging at 500°C or to irradiation. If, however, the material is quenched from temperatures above the transus it becomes highly susceptible to loss of ductility either from aging at 500 or from irradiation. Inter granular failure is characteristic of the materials having low ductility. The distribution of the equilibrium phase is found to control the susceptibility to embrittlement by restricting 6 grain growth during heat treatment and thus influencing crack propagation. IN zirconium, as in titanium, -stabilizing alloy additions are used to obtain high strengths via quench and age heat treatments, and the Zr-2.5 pct Nb alloy has been developed1 because of its strength advantage over the Zircaloys. Early in the development of the Zr-2.5 pct Nb alloy the problem of 13 embrittlement was appreciated, and for this reason the solution temperature was chosen below the p transus.&apos; In the course of irradiation studies on quenched and aged Zr-2.5 wt pct Nb alloy it was found&apos; that irradiation introduced an important aspect of p embrittlement, riz., material quenched from the phase and aged 24 hr at 500°C was severely embrittled by moderate doses of neutron irradiation. This effect had not been studied in titanium alloys. In titanium the metallurgical features leading to 0 ernbrittlement were found to be structures with: a) coarse a platelets at the grain bondaries, b) finely dispersed a uniformly distributed throughout the (0) matrix,6 c) Widmanstatten a-13 with more than 50 pct P, d) the presence of some metastable p transformation products,3 and e) large prior -phase grain size.5 Alternatively, the presence of a uniform distribution of coarse a was conducive to high ductility and a structure largely of equiaxed a was very dctile. The detailed mechanisms of the embrittlement have not been worked out for all of these conditions, although weakness at either a-matrix boundaries or prior p grain boundaries have been prominent in the eculation. It was proposed that acicular a might act as a mild notch, and low ductility has been associated with easy fracture along its boundary.&apos; There have been two opposing suggestions for the source of the high ductility associated with equiaxed a phase. JaffeeB proposed that this a would accept a large por- tion of the oxygen, thus increasing the ductility of the matrix, whereas after study of a Zr-Nb-Cu alloy Weinstein and oltz proposed that the a phase, softer than the martensitic matrix, acted to blunt cracks formed in the matrix. In the present work we have studied the effect of neutron irradiation on the ductility, particularly the P embrittlement, of the Zr-2.5 wt pct Nb alloy. By a variation of solution temperature and aging time a variety of metallurgical conditions have been examined, and a range of resultant ductilities obtained. The ductility has been related to the material microstructure and mode of fracture. EXPERIMENTAL The alloy used in the present work came from two separate ingots fabricated into rod of 3/8 or i in. diam, Table I. For both batches the P transus temperature was approximately 890° C. Most of the heat treatments were done directly on lengths of the j} in. diam rod, after which the tensile test specimens were machined. Quenching was achieved by dropping rods from a dynamic vacuum into water, the cooling rate estimated to be 2 100°C per sec. For aging the rods were encapsulated in evacuated silica tubes. Round tensile test specimens, with gage diam and length 0.160 and 1.0 in., respectively, were used throughout and pulled at room temperature or 300°C on Instron tensile machines, at a crosshead speed of 0.05 ipm. Specimens were irradiated in the NRX and NRU reactors, in facilities described in previous publications.&apos;0 The metallurgical conditions examined have been: All tensile test specimens were machined with axes in the axial direction of the swaged rod. Although the specimen had a degree of preferred crystallo-graphic orientation with basal plane normals both parallel with and perpendicular to the tensile axis, the material was comparatively isotropic." The techniques of thin foil examination in the electron micro-

Jan 1, 1970

By N. H. MacMillan, W. M. Mularie, R. E. Jackson, A. R. C. Westwood

The initial results of a study of the environment-sensitive microhardness and diamond rotary drilling behavior of granite and its constituent minerals quartz and feldspar (microcline)1 have established that many similarities exist between the environment-sensitive mechanical (chemomechanical) behavior of these materials and that of the simpler solids such as periclase, soda-lime glass, and alumina4 studied previously, at least as far as n-alcohol (straight-chain alcohol) environments are concerned. The results of this study (hereafter designated study I) also suggested that the rate of drilling of granite in these environments is controlled by the chemomechanical behavior of its quartz constituent, and is greatest in those environments which impart a zero l-potential to this phase, thereby maximizing its hardness. Now, cationic surface-active species strongly influence the l-potentials of silicate minerals. For this reason they are widely used in mineral separation operations. In particular, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) was found in study I to produce f 0 for quartz at a concentration in water of 107 to 10-4 moles per 1. Accordingly, the influence of dilute aqueous solutions of this surfactant on the drilling behavior of granite also was examined in study I. This revealed that granite could be drilled three to four times faster in 10-° molar aqueous DTAB than in water, and confirmed by experiment the suggestion that granite is most effectively drilled with a diamond core bit in environments which impart a zero l-potential to quartz. According to O&apos;Connor and Buchanan&apos; however, the isoelectric point for quartz in aqueous DTAB solutions occurs at a concentration of .•.•2 x 10-° moles per 1, rather than [101 to 10-1] moles per 1. To confirm the results of study I, therefore, a more comprehensive investigation of the [ ]-potentials of quartz, microcline, and Westerly granite in aqueous DTAB environments has now been undertaken. At the same time an examination has been made of one of the basic assumptions of the current conceptual understanding of chemomechanical effects. In this view, although hardness changes occur essentially instantaneously following wetting of the solid, they are confined to a surface layer at most a few micrometers (µm) deep. Hence, to maximize the influence of chemomechanical effects on bit penetration rate only shallow cuts should be taken. Practical penetration rates are then obtained by increasing bit rotation speed. Experimental l-potentials were determined by the streaming potential technique using an automated rapid-cycling apparatus recently developed by Martin Marietta Laboratory from a design by Somasundaran and Kulkarni. The drilling studies employed 3.2-mm-OD 120-grit diamond-loaded core bits with a wall thickness of ~0.7 mm, and bit rotation speeds of 2200 and 25,000 rpm. The load applied to the bit was independent of the depth drilled in both cases. The 2200 rpm measurements employed the same drill press and puddle drilling technique as used in study I. The higher rotation speed was obtained using a water-driven dental turbine drill. In the case, the surface active fluid was pumped down the axis of the bit to ensure efficient wetting and flushing of the drilling debris from the hole. In both cases drilling rate was measured by the parameter D(200), defined as the average rate of bit penetration during the interval from 150 to 250 sec after drilling commenced.

Jan 1, 1976

By J. Sharshall Grasty, Thomas L. Watson

The users of barite in the United States derive their supply partly from the domestic production and partly from the imports from foreign countries. According to the Mineral Resource division of the U. S. Geological Survey, the domestic production of barite in 1913 was 45,298 short tons, valued at $156,275, or $3.45 a ton, and the imports of crude barite were 35,840 short tons, valued at $61,409, or $1.71 a ton. These figures clearly show a decided advantage in cost of the foreign over the domestic barite to users in the United States. The difference in cost is the only advantage to the consumer of foreign barite, for there are large reserves of the mineral in the United States of good grade. The production of many of the operating mines is capable of decided increase, and it is believed that the operating mines together with the large reserves of undeveloped deposits of barite are entirely adequate to meet the demands of the users in the United States. Deposits of barite are known in California, Idaho, Nevada, and Alaska, but most of them are undeveloped because there is, apparently, no market for the material in that region. The domestic production is derived from Missouri .and the Appalachian States, the greater part being obtained from Missouri. Following the outbreak of war in Europe many users of foreign barite in the United States have been forced to seek their supplies at home. It seems opportune at this time, therefore, that a general review be given of the barite industry in the Appalachian States, one of the two areas from which the domestic supply of the mineral is derived, and that attention be directed to the undeveloped deposits in the region. Briefly, then, this paper reviews the barite industry in the Appalachian States, and describes the occurrence, preparation, and uses of the mineral. General Character Barite, known commercially as barytes or heavy spar, is barium sulphate (Baso4), containing when pure BaO, 65.7 per cent., and S03, 34.3 per cent. The specific gravity is 4.3 to 4.6, and the hardness 2.5

Jan 1, 1915

[Appalachian Petroleum Section: Walter H. Chapman, chairman; Jean Freeland, first vice-chairman; John Galpin, second vice-chairman; Jack L. Trittipo, secretary-treasurer. Meets 4th Tues., Humphreys Restaurant, Charleston. Balcones Section: William E. Richards, chairman; William C. Miller, Jr., first vice-chairman; Brantley G. Myers, second vice-chairman; Harold Vagtborg, Jr., secretary-treasurer. Meets 4th Wed., Petroleum Center Club, San Antonio. Big Horn Basin Subsection: Donald G. Davis, chairman; B. E. Yester, vice-chairman; J. F. Keleher, vice-chairman; Samuel N. Conley, third vice-chairman; William O. Snyder, secretary; M. J. England, treasurer. Billings Petroleum Section: N. J. Matthews, chairman; Guy J. Lookabaugh, first vice-chairman; George O. Ellis, second vice-chairman; Robert L. Spottswood, secretary-treasurer. Meets 3rd Tues., Turf Penthouse.]

Jan 1, 1961

By Robert G. Johnson, Richard J. Prosen

THE present work was done in connection with a program for investigating metal-to-ceramic braze techniques using the well-known reactivity of titanium with certain ceramic oxides. The investigation extended over the range of 0 to 30 pct Ti. The indium was obtained from the Indium Corp. of America and was specified to be 99.97 pct pure. The titanium was supplied by Metals Disintegrating Co. and was stated to be 99.5 pct pure. Each 2 to 4 g quantity of the alloy compositions studied was prepared using a mixture of 300 mesh powders pressed into pellet form. The pellets were heated in thin-walled molybdenum crucibles using a resistance-wound furnace in a vacuum less than 10-4 mm of Hg. Little reaction occurred between the molten alloy and the crucibles at the temperatures and short time intervals used. Only slight spectroscopic traces of molybdenum were found in the melt after a typical period of heating. The points shown on the phase diagram of Fig. 1 represent thermal arrest measurements. The phase boundaries shown are consistent with the thermal arrest and X-ray data obtained. The temperatures were determined using a Pt-Pt 10 pct Rh thermocouple with the junction spot-welded to a short molybdenum rod. The rod was almost completely immersed in the liquid metal, so that good thermal contact with the melt was achieved. The small mass of the crucible and its contents made it possible to obtain many heating and cooling curves in a few minutes time, an advantage which helped to minimize the effects of indium evaporation at the higher temperatures. A Brown strip chart recorder was used to display the thermal arrest curves. To check the technique, the melting point of 99.999 pure Al was measured and found to be within 1 of 660.2c, the accepted melting point. The upper limit of temperature with this technique was about 900°C beyond which the evaporation rate of indium became great enough to alter appreciably the alloy composition during the runs. A peritectic transition was found at 796°+ 5°C from 1.5 to 30 wt pct Ti. It was not found at 0.5 or 1.0 pct. A small super-cooling effect was observed. The melting-point transition to the B + L phase was found up to 20 pct Ti but not at 25 pct. Within the 1 deg accuracy of the measurement, the transition temperature was that of pure indium, 156°C. The liquidus line to the left of the 1.5 titanium point was located only approximately. The two crossed circle points at 1.0 and 0.5 pct Ti place a lower limit on the liquidus line and were determined by observing visually the cessation of vibrations in the melt caused by the damping effect as B-phase crystals were formed during cooling. The B-phase boundary was found at 23.8 pct Ti by X-ray analyses of small single crystals of the B phase isolated from 2 pct Ti melts. The compound was found to be Jetragonal with lattice dimensions of c = 3.052A and a = 10.094W. From the unit cell dimensions and the measured density of 6.42 i 0.05 g per cc, the compound was determined to be In4Ti3 which has 23.8 pct Ti. The calculated density of 6.44 g per cc is obtained assuming 2 mol

Jan 1, 1962

By C. H. Herty Jr, C. H.

FEW subjects have attracted the attention of metallurgists more than oxygen in steel. From the days of Mushet and Ledebui interest in this subject has been increasing, and as additional knowledge has become available, the problem has naturally grown more complex. Instead of using the simple term "oxygen" we now distinguish between iron oxide, silicates of various kinds, oxysulfides, oxygen as gas and oxygen in solid solution in steel. There are five general methods for determining oxides in steel: hydrogen reduction; vacuum fusion; various wet-extraction methods, including electrolytic methods; methods depending on volatilization of the iron away from the oxides; and metallographic methods. For oxygen in solid steel each of these methods has both advantages and disadvantages. The hydrogen-reduction method is of no use on steels above about 0.20 per cent. carbon; 1 furthermore, it gives only FeO and possibly some MnO. The vacuum-fusion method2 is expensive and gives total oxygen, with the exception of some A1203, and does not differentiate between the various oxides in which the oxygen exists. Most of the wet-extraction methods3 give only the more insoluble oxides SiO2 and A1203, though the iodine method gives MnO to an uncertain degree (information that may be more misleading then no information

Jan 1, 1957